परुष

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit परुष (paruṣa).

परुष • (paruṣ) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling پرش)

1. rough
2. uneven
3. piercing (e.g. wind)
4. harsh
5. cruel
6. severe
7. coarse
8. gross

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /pɐ.ɾu.ʂɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈpɐ.ɾu.ʂɐ/

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *parHušás, from Proto-Indo-European *pelHu-só-s, from the root *pelH- (“gray, pale”), related to पलित (palitá, “gray, hoary”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬱𐬀 (po^uruša, “gray (of hair)”), Persian پیر (pir, “old”), Latin pallidus, Ancient Greek πελιτνός (pelitnós), Old Armenian ալիք (alikʻ, “wave, gray hair”).

परुष • (paruṣá) stem

1. spotted, variegated, dirty-colored
   • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 5.27.5:

     यस्य मा परुषाः शतमुद्धर्षयन्त्युक्षणः।

     yasya mā paruṣāḥ śatamuddharṣayantyukṣaṇaḥ.

     From whom a hundred oxen, all of speckled hue, delight my heart...

2. knotty, rough, hard, stiff, rugged, rough, uneven, shaggy
   • c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda
3. intertwined with creepers (as a tree)
4. piercing, keen, sharp, violent, harsh, severe, unkind

See परूषक (parūṣaka, “phalsa tree”).

परुष • (paruṣa) stem, m

1. a reed
2. an arrow
3. phalsa (Grewia asiatica) or cannonball mangrove (Xylocarpus granatum)

परुष • (paruṣa) stem, n

1. harsh and contumelious speech, abuse, etc.

• Monier Williams (1899) “परुष”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, , new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, pages 605/3, 606/1.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 95
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 305