सरस्वती
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Hindi
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit सरस्वती (sarasvatī). Doublet of सरसई (sarsaī) and सरसूती (sarsūtī).
Pronunciation
(Delhi) IPA(key): /sə.ɾəs.ʋə.t̪iː/,
Proper noun
सरस्वती • (sarasvatī) f (Urdu spelling سرسوتی)
- (Hinduism) Saraswati, the goddess of knowledge and speech
- (geography) Sarasvati, a legendary river mentioned in the Rigveda
Declension
Declension of सरस्वती (sg-only fem ī-stem)
| singular | |
|---|---|
| direct | सरस्वती sarasvatī |
| oblique | सरस्वती sarasvatī |
| vocative | सरस्वती sarasvatī |
Synonyms
- सरसूती (sarsūtī)
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- সৰস্বতী (Assamese script)
- ᬲᬭᬲ᭄ᬯᬢᬷ (Balinese script)
- সরস্বতী (Bengali script)
- 𑰭𑰨𑰭𑰿𑰪𑰝𑰱 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀲𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀯𑀢𑀻 (Brahmi script)
- သရသွတီ (Burmese script)
- સરસ્વતી (Gujarati script)
- ਸਰਸ੍ਵਤੀ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌸𑌰𑌸𑍍𑌵𑌤𑍀 (Grantha script)
- ꦱꦫꦱ꧀ꦮꦠꦷ (Javanese script)
- 𑂮𑂩𑂮𑂹𑂫𑂞𑂲 (Kaithi script)
- ಸರಸ್ವತೀ (Kannada script)
- សរស្វតី (Khmer script)
- ສຣສ຺ວຕີ (Lao script)
- സരസ്വതീ (Malayalam script)
- ᠰᠠᡵᠠᠰ᠌ᠣᠸᠠᢠᡳᡳ (Manchu script)
- 𑘭𑘨𑘭𑘿𑘪𑘝𑘲 (Modi script)
- ᠰᠠᠷᠠᠰᢦᢐᠢᠢ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧍𑧈𑧍𑧠𑧊𑦽𑧓 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐳𑐬𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐟𑐷 (Newa script)
- ସରସ୍ଵତୀ (Odia script)
- ꢱꢬꢱ꣄ꢮꢡꢷ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆱𑆫𑆱𑇀𑆮𑆠𑆵 (Sharada script)
- 𑖭𑖨𑖭𑖿𑖪𑖝𑖱 (Siddham script)
- සරස්වතී (Sinhalese script)
- 𑪁𑩼𑪁 𑪙𑩾𑩫𑩑𑩛 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚨𑚤𑚨𑚶𑚦𑚙𑚯 (Takri script)
- ஸரஸ்வதீ (Tamil script)
- సరస్వతీ (Telugu script)
- สรสฺวตี (Thai script)
- ས་ར་སྭ་ཏཱི (Tibetan script)
- 𑒮𑒩𑒮𑓂𑒫𑒞𑒲 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨰𑨫𑨰𑩇𑨭𑨙𑨁𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *SáraswatiH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *SáraswatiH,[1] from Proto-Indo-European *sélos. Equivalent to सरस् (sáras, “pond”) + -वती (-vatī, “-ful”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬑𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬍 (haraxvaitī), a region described to be rich in rivers, Old Persian 𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫 (h-r-u-v-t /harauvati/), the Helmand river system.
Pronunciation
Proper noun
सरस्वती • (sárasvatī) stem, f
- (Hinduism) Saraswati, the goddess of eloquence and learning
- (history, geography) the Saraswati river, of which only a small stream remains as the Ghaggar River[2]
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 7.95.1:
- प्र क्षोद॑सा॒ धाय॑सा सस्र ए॒षा सर॑स्वती ध॒रुण॒माय॑सी॒ पूः ।
प्र॒बाब॑धाना र॒थ्ये॑व याति॒ विश्वा॑ अ॒पो म॑हि॒ना सिन्धु॑र॒न्याः ॥- prá kṣódasā dhā́yasā sasra eṣā́ sárasvatī dharúṇamā́yasī pū́ḥ.
prabā́badhānā rathyèva yāti víśvā apó mahinā́ síndhuranyā́ḥ. - This Sarasvatī, firm as a city made of metal, flows rapidly with all sustaining water, sweeping away in it might all other waters, as a charioteer clears the road.
- prá kṣódasā dhā́yasā sasra eṣā́ sárasvatī dharúṇamā́yasī pū́ḥ.
- प्र क्षोद॑सा॒ धाय॑सा सस्र ए॒षा सर॑स्वती ध॒रुण॒माय॑सी॒ पूः ।
Declension
| singular | |
|---|---|
| nominative | सरस्वती (sárasvatī) |
| vocative | सरस्वति (sárasvati) |
| accusative | सरस्वतीम् (sárasvatīm) |
| instrumental | सरस्वत्या (sárasvatyā) |
| dative | सरस्वत्यै (sárasvatyai) |
| ablative | सरस्वत्याः (sárasvatyāḥ) सरस्वत्यै¹ (sárasvatyai¹) |
| genitive | सरस्वत्याः (sárasvatyāḥ) सरस्वत्यै¹ (sárasvatyai¹) |
| locative | सरस्वत्याम् (sárasvatyām) |
- ¹Brāhmaṇas
Noun
सरस्वती • (sárasvatī) stem, f
- any river
- speech or the power of speech, eloquence, learning wisdom
- a celestial or oracular voice
- cow
- excellent woman
- name of a region abounding in pools and lakes
- name of a well-known small river (held very sacred by the Hindus; identified with the modern Sursooty)
- name of various rivers (especially of rivers which in sacredness are equal to Saraswati and which are three according to Atharvaveda vi, 101, and seven according to Mahabharata ix, 2188)
- various plants, including
- name of a two-year-old girl representing दुर्गा (durgā) at her festival
- name of a poetess
- name of various other women
- name of one of the ten mendicant orders traced back to शंकराचार्य (śaṃkarācārya) (whose members add the word sarasvatī to their names)
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | सरस्वती (sárasvatī) | सरस्वत्यौ (sárasvatyau) सरस्वती¹ (sárasvatī¹) |
सरस्वत्यः (sárasvatyaḥ) सरस्वतीः¹ (sárasvatīḥ¹) |
| vocative | सरस्वति (sárasvati) | सरस्वत्यौ (sárasvatyau) सरस्वती¹ (sárasvatī¹) |
सरस्वत्यः (sárasvatyaḥ) सरस्वतीः¹ (sárasvatīḥ¹) |
| accusative | सरस्वतीम् (sárasvatīm) | सरस्वत्यौ (sárasvatyau) सरस्वती¹ (sárasvatī¹) |
सरस्वतीः (sárasvatīḥ) |
| instrumental | सरस्वत्या (sárasvatyā) | सरस्वतीभ्याम् (sárasvatībhyām) | सरस्वतीभिः (sárasvatībhiḥ) |
| dative | सरस्वत्यै (sárasvatyai) | सरस्वतीभ्याम् (sárasvatībhyām) | सरस्वतीभ्यः (sárasvatībhyaḥ) |
| ablative | सरस्वत्याः (sárasvatyāḥ) सरस्वत्यै² (sárasvatyai²) |
सरस्वतीभ्याम् (sárasvatībhyām) | सरस्वतीभ्यः (sárasvatībhyaḥ) |
| genitive | सरस्वत्याः (sárasvatyāḥ) सरस्वत्यै² (sárasvatyai²) |
सरस्वत्योः (sárasvatyoḥ) | सरस्वतीनाम् (sárasvatīnām) |
| locative | सरस्वत्याम् (sárasvatyām) | सरस्वत्योः (sárasvatyoḥ) | सरस्वतीषु (sárasvatīṣu) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
Descendants
- Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀈 (sarassaī)
- Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀲𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀤𑀻 (sarassadī)
- → Assamese: সৰস্বতী (xorossoti)
- → Burmese: သူရဿတီ (sura.ssa.ti)
- → English: Saraswati
- → Hindustani:
- → Japanese: 弁才天 (Benzaiten)
- → Kannada: ಸರಸ್ವತೀ (sarasvatī)
- → Telugu: సరస్వతి (sarasvati)
References
- Monier Williams (1899) “सरस्वती”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, , new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1182, columns 2-3.
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 708
- ^ https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-01643-9