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Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
上
あ
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese 上ぐ (agu), following 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”). from Proto-Japonic *ank-a-. Cognate with 揚(あ)げる (ageru), 挙(あ)げる (ageru).

Development

Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Pronunciation

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「上げる」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		上げる あげる
Imperative (命令形) 上げろ あげろ
Key constructions
Passive 上げられる あげられる
Causative 上げさせる あげさせる
Potential 上げられる あげられる
Volitional 上げよう あげよー
Negative 上げない あげない
Negative perfective 上げなかった あげなかった
Formal 上げます あげます
Perfective 上げた あげた
Conjunctive 上げて あげて
Hypothetical conditional 上げれば あげれば

Verb

上(あ)げる • (ageru) transitive ichidan (stem 上(あ)げ (age), past 上(あ)げた (ageta))

Japanese verb pair
active 上げる
mediopassive 上がる
  1. to raise, to lift
    Antonym: 下げる (sageru)
    音量(おんりょう)を上(あ)げる
    onryō o ageru
    to raise the volume
  2. to give (usually not written with kanji)
    犬(いぬ)に毎日(まいにち)えさをあげてください。
    Inu ni mainichi esa o agete kudasai.
    Please give the dog food every day.
  3. to utter; to cry; to produce; to raise (a voice)
    悲鳴(ひめい)を上(あ)げる
    himei o ageru
    to shriek; to let out a scream
    奇声(きせい)を上(あ)げる
    kisei o ageru
    to raise a strange cry
    声(こえ)を上(あ)げて泣(な)く
    koe o agete naku
    to sob

Usage notes

Wikibooks has more about this subject:

Wikibooks

Japanese has an extensive vocabulary for giving and receiving. While 上げる is used for giving something to someone of equal or lower social standing, 差(さ)し上(あ)げる (sashiageru) is used for giving to someone of higher rank and やる (yaru) for giving to a non-human or to someone of low rank. It is fairly common to use 上げる for giving something to a pet, especially in casual speech, but some speakers consider this usage nonstandard or incorrect.

Conjugation
Conjugation of "上げる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 上げ あげ age
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 上げ あげ age
Shūshikei ("terminal") 上げる あげる ageru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 上げる あげる ageru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 上げれ あげれ agere
Meireikei ("imperative") 上げよ¹
上げろ² 		あげよ¹
あげろ² 		ageyo¹
agero²
Key constructions
Passive 上げられる あげられる agerareru
Causative 上げさせる
上げさす 		あげさせる
あげさす 		agesaseru
agesasu
Potential 上げられる
上げれる³ 		あげられる
あげれる³ 		agerareru
agereru³
Volitional 上げよう あげよう ageyō
Negative 上げない
上げぬ
上げん 		あげない
あげぬ
あげん 		agenai
agenu
agen
Negative continuative 上げず あげず agezu
Formal 上げます あげます agemasu
Perfective 上げた あげた ageta
Conjunctive 上げて あげて agete
Hypothetical conditional 上げれば あげれば agereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential
See also
  • くれる (kureru): to give (to the speaker, or someone close to the speaker, such as a family member)
  • 貰(もら)う (morau): to receive

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 “あ・げる 【上・揚・挙】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 ‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  4. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
  5. ^ Nakai, Yukihiko, editor (2002), 京阪系アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Bensei, →ISBN
  • 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
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