込む

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
込
こ
Grade: S
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings
混む
籠む

Pronunciation

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "込む"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		込む こ​む
Imperative (命令形) 込め こ​め
Key constructions
Passive 込まれる こまれ​る
Causative 込ませる こませ​る
Potential - - -
Volitional 込もう こも​ー
Negative 込まない こま​ない
Negative perfective 込まなかった こま​なかった
Formal 込みます こみま​す
Perfective 込んだ こ​んだ
Conjunctive 込んで こ​んで
Hypothetical conditional 込めば こ​めば

Verb

込(こ)む • (komu) godan (stem 込(こ)み (komi), past 込(こ)んだ (konda))

Japanese verb pair
active 込める
mediopassive 込む
  1. be crowded
    • 2007, 新時代日漢辭典／新时代日汉辞典 (Xīn Shídài Rì-hàn Cídiǎn), 1st edition, 大新書局／大新书局 (Dàxīn Shūjú), →ISBN:
      ラッシュアワーで電車(でんしゃ)はとても込(こ)んでいる
      rasshuawā de densha wa totemo konde iru
      The train is very crowded during rush hours
  2. be complicated
  3. go into, go in
  4. put into
  5. become some state completely
  6. do thoroughly
  7. remain in the same state, such as remain sitting or remain silent

Usage notes

Commonly used as a light verb (second verb) in Japanese compound verbs, primarily showing emphasis, sometimes negative or violent, often with a sense of “enter” or “fill”, as in ねじ込む (nejikomu, “screw in, jam in, stuff in”).

Conjugation

Conjugation of "込む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 込ま こま koma
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 込み こみ komi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 込む こむ komu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 込む こむ komu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 込め こめ kome
Meireikei ("imperative") 込め こめ kome
Key constructions
Passive 込まれる こまれる komareru
Causative 込ませる
込ます 		こませる
こます 		komaseru
komasu
Potential 込める こめる komeru
Volitional 込もう こもう komō
Negative 込まない こまない komanai
Negative continuative 込まず こまず komazu
Formal 込みます こみます komimasu
Perfective 込んだ こんだ konda
Conjunctive 込んで こんで konde
Hypothetical conditional 込めば こめば komeba
Classical conjugation of "込む" (マ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 込ま こま koma
Continuative (連用形) 込み こみ komi
Terminal (終止形) 込む こむ komu
Attributive (連体形) 込む こむ komu
Realis (已然形) 込め こめ kome
Imperative (命令形) 込め こめ kome
Key constructions
Negative 込まず こまず komazu
Contrasting conjunction 込めど こめど komedo
Causal conjunction 込めば こめば komeba
Conditional conjunction 込まば こまば komaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 込みき こみき komiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 込みけり こみけり komikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 込みつ こみつ komitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 込みぬ こみぬ kominu
Perfect-continuative tense 込めり
込みたり		 こめり
こみたり		 komeri
komitari
Volitional 込まむ こまむ komamu

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
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