Appendix:Mandarin Pronunciation/Old National Pronunciation

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Introduction

The following table shows the Old National Pronunciation, 老國音 lǎo guóyīn, of Standard Mandarin (official in the Republic of China from 1919 to 1932) in comparison with the revised, modern pronunciation.

General rules

When converting the modern standard phonology into the Old National Pronunciation, some general rules can be established:

  1. The “sharp-round distinction” (尖團音): Alveolar fricatives did not have an alveolo-palatal allophone before closed front vowels, as in the Nanjing dialect, whereas velars did, thus 心 (xīn, “heart”) and 昕 (xīn,“dawn”) were /sin⁵⁵/ and /ɕin⁵⁵/, respectively; 津 (jīn, “river crossing”) and 金 (jīn, “gold”) were /tsin⁵⁵/ and /tɕin⁵⁵/, respectively.
  2. The Sichuanese Mandarin initials /ŋ/ and /ɲ/ were included, yet not consistently.
  3. The entering tone was preserved, as in Southern Mandarin, with readings mostly based on the Nanjing dialect.

Table

The modern reading is given in Hanyu Pinyin and IPA; the old reading is given in Gwoyeu Romatzyh, Zhuyin (with original tone markers), and IPA. Mainland variants of modern standard readings are marked by superscript “ML”, Taiwanese variants are marked by superscript “TW”.

Character Radical Modern Standard Reading Old National Pronunciation Gloss
一 一 yī /i⁵⁵/ yiq ㄧ. /iʔ⁵/ “one”
七 一 qī /tɕʰi⁵⁵/ tsiq ㄘㄧ. /tsʰiʔ⁵/[n 1] “seven”
八 八 bā /pa⁵⁵/ baq ㄅㄚ. /paʔ⁵/ “eight”
六 八 liù /lioʊ⁵¹/ luq ㄌㄨ. /luʔ⁵/[n 2] “six”
北 匕 běi /peɪ²¹⁴/ beq ㄅㄜ. /pəʔ⁵/[n 3] “north”
十 十 shí /ʂʐ̩³⁵/ shyq ㄕ. /ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/ “ten”
千 十 qiān /tɕʰiɛn⁵⁵/ tsian .ㄘㄧㄢ /tsʰiɛn⁵⁵/ “thousand”
和 口 hé /xɤ³⁵/ hor ㄏㄛ /xo³⁵/ “harmonious”
學 子 xué /ɕɥe³⁵/ shioq ㄒㄧㄛ. /ɕioʔ⁵/[n 4] “to study”
嵲 山 niè /nie⁵¹/ gnieh ㄬㄧㄝ˙ /ɲie⁵¹/ see 嵽嵲
微 彳 wēiML, wéiTW /weɪ⁵⁵, weɪ³⁵/ veir ㄪㄟ /veɪ³⁵/ “small”
心 心 xīn /ɕin⁵⁵/ sin .ㄙㄧㄣ /sin⁵⁵/ “heart”
惡 心 è /ɤ⁵¹/ oq ㄛ. /oʔ⁵/ “bad”
我 戈 wǒ /wo²¹⁴/ ngoo ˙ㄫㄛ /ŋo²¹⁴/[n 5] “I”
搦 手 nuò /nuo⁵¹/ gnioq ㄬㄧㄛ. /ɲioʔ⁵/ “to restrain”
日 日 rì /ʐ̩⁵¹/ ryq ㄖ. /ʐ̩ʔ⁵/ “sun”
晉 日 jìn /tɕin⁵¹/ tzinn ㄗㄧㄣ˙ /tsin⁵¹/ “Jin”
月 月 yuè /yɛ⁵¹/ yueq ㄩㄝ. /yɛʔ⁵/ “moon”
未 木 wèi /weɪ⁵¹/ vey ㄪㄟ˙ /veɪ⁵¹/ “not yet”
溦 水 wēiML, wéiTW /weɪ⁵⁵, weɪ³⁵/ veir ㄪㄟ /veɪ³⁵/ “drizzle”
白 白 bái /paɪ³⁵/ beq ㄅㄜ. /pəʔ⁵/[n 6] “white”
百 白 bǎi /paɪ²¹⁴/ beq ㄅㄜ. /pəʔ⁵/[n 7] “hundred”
秦 禾 Qín /tɕʰin³⁵/ Tsyn ㄘㄧㄣ /tsʰin³⁵/ “Qin”
薇 艸 wēiML, wéiTW /weɪ⁵⁵, weɪ³⁵/ veir ㄪㄟ /veɪ³⁵/ “royal fern”
誡 言 jiè /tɕie⁵¹/ jiay ㄐㄧㄞ˙ /tɕiaɪ⁵¹/[n 8] “to warn”
黑 黑 hēi /xeɪ⁵⁵/ heq ㄏㄜ. /xəʔ⁵/[n 9] “black”

Notes

  1. ^ compare Nanjing dialect /tsʰiʔ⁵/
  2. ^ compare literary variant lù
  3. ^ compare literary variant bò
  4. ^ compare Nanjing dialect /ɕioʔ⁵/
  5. ^ compare literary variant ě
  6. ^ compare literary variant bó
  7. ^ compare literary variant bó
  8. ^ compare literary variant jiài
  9. ^ compare literary variant hè

References

  • Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation (1921).《校改國音字典》(Jiàogǎi Guóyīn zidiǎn, “Proofread and corrected Dictionary of the National Pronunciation”). Beijing: Commercial Press.
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