Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/didāti
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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/didīti
Proto-Celtic
Alternative forms
- *dāti (with dereduplication)
Etymology
From earlier *didōti, from Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti. Cognate with Latin dō and Lithuanian dúoti.
Verb
- to give
Inflection
| Athematic present with stem ablaut to a laryngeal-final root, suffixless preterite | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *didāmi | *didamam | ? | *dedū |
| 2nd singular | *didāsi | *didatās | ? | *dedūs |
| 3rd singular | *didāti | *didato | ? | *dedū |
| 1st plural | *didamosi | *didamo | ? | *dedamo |
| 2nd plural | *didatesi | *didastē | ? | *dedate |
| 3rd plural | *didonti | *didanto | ? | *dedars |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *dāsū | ? | — | |
| 2nd singular | *dāsesi | ? | *didā | |
| 3rd singular | *dāseti | ? | *didātou | |
| 1st plural | *dāsomosi | ? | *didamos | |
| 2nd plural | *dāsetesi | ? | *didate | |
| 3rd plural | *dāsonti | ? | *didontou | |
| Passive voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *didār | — | ? | — |
| 2nd singular | *didātar | — | ? | — |
| 3rd singular | *didātor | ? | ? | — |
| 1st plural | *didammor | — | ? | — |
| 2nd plural | *didadwe | — | ? | — |
| 3rd plural | *didontor | ? | ? | — |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *dāsūr | — | — | |
| 2nd singular | *dāsetar | — | — | |
| 3rd singular | *dāsetor | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *dāsommor | — | — | |
| 2nd plural | *dāsedwe | — | — | |
| 3rd plural | *dāsontor | — | — | |
| Declension of the present participle | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *didonts | *didonte | *didontes |
| vocative | *didonts | *didonte | *didontes |
| accusative | *didontam | *didonte | *didontans |
| genitive | *didantos | *? | *didantom |
| dative | *didantei | *didantbom | *didantbos |
| instrumental | *didantī? | *didantbim | *didantbis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *didantī | *didantī | *didantiyās |
| vocative | *didantī | *didantī | *didantiyās |
| accusative | *didantīm | *didantī | *didantiyans |
| genitive | *didantyās | *? | *didantyom |
| dative | *didantyāi | *didantyābom | *didantyābos |
| instrumental | *? | *didantyābim | *didantyābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *didont | *? | *didonta |
| vocative | *didont | *? | *didonta |
| accusative | *didont | *? | *didonta |
| genitive | *didantos | *? | *didantom |
| dative | *didantei | *? | *didantbos |
| instrumental | *didantī? | *? | *didantbis |
| Declension of the middle participle | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *didamnos | *didamnou | *didamnoi |
| vocative | *didamne | *didamnou | *didamnoi |
| accusative | *didamnom | *didamnou | *didamnons |
| genitive | *didamnī | *didamnous | *didamnom |
| dative | *didamnūi | *didamnobom | *didamnobos |
| instrumental | *didamnū | *didamnobim | *didamnobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *didamnā | *didamnai | *didamnās |
| vocative | *didamnā | *didamnai | *didamnās |
| accusative | *didamnam | *didamnai | *didamnans |
| genitive | *didamnās | *didamnous | *didamnom |
| dative | *didamnai | *didamnābom | *didamnābos |
| instrumental | *? | *didamnābim | *didamnābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *didamnom | *didamnou | *didamnā |
| vocative | *didamnom | *didamnou | *didamnā |
| accusative | *didamnom | *didamnou | *didamnā |
| genitive | *didamnī | *didamnous | *didamnom |
| dative | *didamnūi | *didamnobom | *didamnobos |
| instrumental | *didamnū | *didamnobim | *didamnobis |
Reconstruction notes
- According to KPV and Darling, this verb was originally reduplicated. In Insular Celtic (and Gaulish as well, if the imperative da is of any indication, unless that imperative is from a root aorist), the reduplication was lost, yielding *dāti, but signs of a reduplicated present persisted in Celtiberian; but even there, the imperative lost reduplication.
- This verb had a reduplicated preterite in the simplex, as attested in Celtiberian and Gaulish. However, this preterite formation may be replaced with an s-preterite when this verb was prefixed, as Gaulish and Old Irish show.
- It can be difficult to distinguish derivatives of this verb and derivatives of *didīti (“to put, place”).
Derived terms
- *ɸroaddāti
- *eɸidāti
Descendants
- Celtiberian: tatuz (3sg. impv.), zizeti (3sg. pres. (subj.?)), zizonti (3pl. pres. (subj.?))
- Gaulish: dede (3sg. pret.), da (2sg. impv.)
- Lepontic: 𐌕𐌄𐌕𐌖 (tetu)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 265-267
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Darling, Mark (2020) The Subjunctive in Celtic: Studies in Historical Phonology and Morphology, University of Cambridge, , pages 162-164
- ^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 221-222
Further reading
- Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*dā-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 86