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Athematic present with stem ablaut to a laryngeal-final root, suffixless preterite
Active voice
Present
Imperfect
Future
Preterite
1st singular
*didāmi
*didamam
?
*dedū
2nd singular
*didāsi
*didatās
?
*dedūs
3rd singular
*didāti
*didato
?
*dedū
1st plural
*didamosi
*didamo
?
*dedamo
2nd plural
*didatesi
*didastē
?
*dedate
3rd plural
*didonti
*didanto
?
*dedars
Pres. subjunctive
Past subjunctive
Imperative
1st singular
*dāsū
?
—
2nd singular
*dāsesi
?
*didā
3rd singular
*dāseti
?
*didātou
1st plural
*dāsomosi
?
*didamos
2nd plural
*dāsetesi
?
*didate
3rd plural
*dāsonti
?
*didontou
Passive voice
Present
Imperfect
Future
Preterite
1st singular
*didār
—
?
—
2nd singular
*didātar
—
?
—
3rd singular
*didātor
?
?
—
1st plural
*didammor
—
?
—
2nd plural
*didadwe
—
?
—
3rd plural
*didontor
?
?
—
Pres. subjunctive
Past subjunctive
Imperative
1st singular
*dāsūr
—
—
2nd singular
*dāsetar
—
—
3rd singular
*dāsetor
—
—
1st plural
*dāsommor
—
—
2nd plural
*dāsedwe
—
—
3rd plural
*dāsontor
—
—
Declension of the present participle
masculine
singular
dual
plural
nominative
*didonts
*didonte
*didontes
vocative
*didonts
*didonte
*didontes
accusative
*didontam
*didonte
*didontans
genitive
*didantos
*?
*didantom
dative
*didantei
*didantbom
*didantbos
instrumental
*didantī?
*didantbim
*didantbis
feminine
singular
dual
plural
nominative
*didantī
*didantī
*didantiyās
vocative
*didantī
*didantī
*didantiyās
accusative
*didantīm
*didantī
*didantiyans
genitive
*didantyās
*?
*didantyom
dative
*didantyāi
*didantyābom
*didantyābos
instrumental
*?
*didantyābim
*didantyābis
neuter
singular
dual
plural
nominative
*didont
*?
*didonta
vocative
*didont
*?
*didonta
accusative
*didont
*?
*didonta
genitive
*didantos
*?
*didantom
dative
*didantei
*?
*didantbos
instrumental
*didantī?
*?
*didantbis
Declension of the middle participle
masculine
singular
dual
plural
nominative
*didamnos
*didamnou
*didamnoi
vocative
*didamne
*didamnou
*didamnoi
accusative
*didamnom
*didamnou
*didamnons
genitive
*didamnī
*didamnous
*didamnom
dative
*didamnūi
*didamnobom
*didamnobos
instrumental
*didamnū
*didamnobim
*didamnobis
feminine
singular
dual
plural
nominative
*didamnā
*didamnai
*didamnās
vocative
*didamnā
*didamnai
*didamnās
accusative
*didamnam
*didamnai
*didamnans
genitive
*didamnās
*didamnous
*didamnom
dative
*didamnai
*didamnābom
*didamnābos
instrumental
*?
*didamnābim
*didamnābis
neuter
singular
dual
plural
nominative
*didamnom
*didamnou
*didamnā
vocative
*didamnom
*didamnou
*didamnā
accusative
*didamnom
*didamnou
*didamnā
genitive
*didamnī
*didamnous
*didamnom
dative
*didamnūi
*didamnobom
*didamnobos
instrumental
*didamnū
*didamnobim
*didamnobis
Reconstruction notes
According to KPV and Darling, this verb was originally reduplicated. In Insular Celtic (and Gaulish as well, if the imperative da is of any indication, unless that imperative is from a root aorist), the reduplication was lost, yielding *dāti, but signs of a reduplicated present persisted in Celtiberian; but even there, the imperative lost reduplication.
This verb had a reduplicated preterite in the simplex, as attested in Celtiberian and Gaulish. However, this preterite formation may be replaced with an s-preterite when this verb was prefixed, as Gaulish and Old Irish show.
It can be difficult to distinguish derivatives of this verb and derivatives of *didīti(“to put, place”).
↑ 1.01.1Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 265-267
↑ 2.02.1Darling, Mark (2020) The Subjunctive in Celtic: Studies in Historical Phonology and Morphology, University of Cambridge, →DOI, pages 162-164
^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 221-222
Further reading
Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*dā-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 86