Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iz
 |
This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
*-iz (adjective *-izô)
- -er. Forms the comparative of certain adverbs.
Usage notes
This was the normal comparative suffix for all i-, u- and ja-stem adverbs. The regular a-stem adverbs sometimes used this suffix, and sometimes the related suffix *-ōz without any predictable rule.
Derived terms
Descendants
Most of these descendants eventually replaced the suffix with the equivalent from the adjectives, because the older adverbial suffix was no longer distinctive after the loss of final *-iz.
- Old English: -
- English: -er
- Old Frisian: -
- West Frisian: -er
- Old Saxon: -
- Old Dutch: -
- Middle Dutch: -
- Dutch: -er
- Middle Dutch: -
- Old High German: -
- German: -er
- Old Norse: -r
- Gothic: -𐌹𐍃 (-is)
Etymology 2
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
*-iz
- Forms vṛddhi gerundives from verbal roots.
Derived terms
Etymology 3
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
*-iz (adjective suffix)
- (forms adjectives with the meaning of "X-ed")
Inflection
| strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *-iz | *-ijai | *-ī | *-ijôz | *-į, *-jatō | *-ijō |
| accusative | *-ijanǭ | *-ijanz | *-ijǭ | *-ijōz | *-į, *-jatō | *-ijō |
| genitive | *-ijas, *-īs | *-ijaizǫ̂ | *-ijaizōz | *-ijaizǫ̂ | *-ijas, *-īs | *-ijaizǫ̂ |
| dative | *-ijammai | *-ijaimaz | *-ijaizōi | *-ijaimaz | *-ijammai | *-ijaimaz |
| instrumental | *-ijanō | *-ijaimiz | *-ijaizō | *-ijaimiz | *-ijanō | *-ijaimiz |
| weak declension | ||||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *-ijô | *-ijaniz | *-ijǭ | *-ijōniz | *-ijô | *-ijōnō |
| accusative | *-ijanų | *-ijanunz | *-ijōnų | *-ijōnunz | *-ijô | *-ijōnō |
| genitive | *-īniz | *-ijanǫ̂ | *-ijōniz | *-ijōnǫ̂ | *-īniz | *-ijanǫ̂ |
| dative | *-īni | *-ijammaz | *-ijōni | *-ijōmaz | *-īni | *-ijammaz |
| instrumental | *-īnē | *-ijammiz | *-ijōnē | *-ijōmiz | *-īnē | *-ijammiz |
Derived terms
- *ungandiz (“unafflicted; not bewitched”)
- Proto-Norse: ᚢᚾᚷᚨᚾᛞᛁᛉ (ungandiʀ)
- *aljamarkiz (“foreign”)
- Proto-Norse: ᚨᛚᛃᚨᛗᚨᚱᚲᛁᛉ (aljamarkiʀ)
- *-augiz (“X-eyed”)
- Old Norse: -eygr