Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/faluz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

This Proto-Germanic entry contains original research. The reconstruction in this entry is based on published research, but the specific form presented here is not found in prior works.

Unknown

• IPA^(key): /ˈɸɑ.luz/

*faluz

1. terrible; cruel; bad; baleful

• *fēlaz
• *fēlijaną

• Proto-West Germanic: *fali, *falu
  • Old English: *fæle, *felo, *fel^[1]
    • Middle English: fel, fell (“wicked, treacherous”) (reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French fel^[2])
      • English: fell
      • Scots: fell
    • ⇒ Old English: ælfæle, ealfelo (“very cruel”, literally “all-cruel”)
    • ⇒ Old English: wælfel (“bloodthirsty”, literally “slaughter-cruel”)
  • Old Frisian: fal, fale, *fel, *fele (“terrible”) (, hapax, presumed inherited^[3], if not borrowed from Middle Dutch^[4])
    • Saterland Frisian: fäl (< *fele, or borrowed from Dutch)
    • West Frisian: fel (< *fele, or borrowed from Dutch^[5])
  • >? Old Saxon: *feli, *fel
    • Middle Low German: fel, vil (“godless, evil”) (or from Middle Dutch?^[6][7])
      • German Low German: fell
      • ⇒ Middle Low German: velike (“fiercely”) (or from Middle Dutch?)
  • >? Old Dutch: *feli, *fel, *felli
    • Middle Dutch: fel (“cruel, wicked, embittered”) (reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French^[8])
      • Dutch: fel
  • >? Old High German: *feli, *fel
    • Middle High German: vel (“cruel, heartless, evil”) (^[9], reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French^[10])
      • ⇒ Middle High German: velheit, felheit (“wickedness”) (, or from Middle Dutch?)