Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/fali

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 This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
This Proto-West Germanic entry contains original research. The reconstruction in this entry is based on published research, but the specific form presented here is not found in prior works.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *faluz (“cruel, evil”).

Adjective

*fali

  1. cruel, evil

Declension

ja-stem
Singular Masculine
Nominative *fali
Genitive *falljas
Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *fali *fallju *fali
Accusative *falljanā *falljā *fali
Genitive *falljas *falljeʀā *falljas
Dative *falljumē *falljeʀē *falljumē
Instrumental *fallju *falljeʀu *fallju
Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *falljē *falljō *fallju
Accusative *falljā *falljā *fallju
Genitive *falljeʀō *falljeʀō *falljeʀō
Dative *falljēm, *falljum *falljēm, *falljum *falljēm, *falljum
Instrumental *falljēm, *falljum *falljēm, *falljum *falljēm, *falljum

Alternative reconstructions

  • *falu

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Old English: *fæle, *felo, *fel[1]
    • Middle English: fel, fell (“wicked, treacherous”) (reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French fel[2])
    • ⇒ Old English: ælfæle, ealfelo (“very cruel”, literally “all-cruel”)
    • ⇒ Old English: wælfel (“bloodthirsty”, literally “slaughter-cruel”)
  • Old Frisian: fal, fale, *fel, *fele (“terrible”) (, hapax, presumed inherited[3], if not borrowed from Middle Dutch[4])
    • Saterland Frisian: fäl (< *fele, or borrowed from Dutch)
    • West Frisian: fel (< *fele, or borrowed from Dutch[5])
  • >? Old Saxon: *feli, *fel
    • Middle Low German: fel, vil (“godless, evil”) (or from Middle Dutch?[6][7])
      • German Low German: fell
      • ⇒ Middle Low German: velike (“fiercely”) (or from Middle Dutch?)
  • >? Old Dutch: *feli, *fel, *felli
    • Middle Dutch: fel (“cruel, wicked, embittered”) (reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French[8])
  • >? Old High German: *feli, *fel
    • Middle High German: vel (“cruel, heartless, evil”) ([9], reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French[10])
      • ⇒ Middle High German: velheit, felheit (“wickedness”) (, or from Middle Dutch?)

References

  1. ^ Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “FEL,felo,fæle”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, page 274.
  2. ^ “Proto-West Germanic/fali”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
  3. ^ W.J. Buma (1996) “fāle”, in Vollständiges Wörterbuch zum westerlauwersschen Jus Municipale Frisonum (in German), Leeuwarden: Fryske Akademy
  4. ^ von Richthofen, Karl (1840) “fal”, in Altfriesisches Wörterbuch [Old Frisian Dictionary] (in German), Dieterich Göttingen, page 725
  5. ^ “fali”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
  6. ^ Lübben, August & Christoph Walter (1888) Mittelniederdeutsches Handwörterbuch‎ (in German), page 473: “fel”
  7. ^ Schlüter, Josef (1952). Die niederländischen Wörter in der westmünsterländischen Mundart, Dissertation at university of Münster.
  8. ^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “fel”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute
  9. ^ “vel” in Findebuch zum mittelhochdeutschen Wortschatz
  10. ^ Rosenquist, A. (1932) Der französische Einfluss auf die mittelhochdeutsche Sprache in der ersten Hälfte des des XIV. Jahrhunderts (in German)
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