Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ju

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Apparently derived from the feminine accusative form of the pronoun Proto-Indo-European *yā́m, itself thematic form of Proto-Indo-European *íh₂m, see also Latvian jau (“already”), Lithuanian jau, Polish już, and Latin iam (“already, now”). The Germanic and Balto-Slavic words represent the locative case, while the Latin descended from the accusative.
Based on a long stem vowel in Old High German derived from u-stem locative *h₂y-éw to Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu, compare Lithuanian jaū, Proto-Germanic *aiwaz, etc.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈju/

Adverb

*ju

already; yet; now

Derived terms

*juta

Related terms

*ja

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *jū
- Old English: iū, ġeō; ġēn, ġīen, ġēna, ġīena
  - Middle English: iu
- Old Saxon: jū, giū, gio, īū
  - Middle Low German: iû, jû
- Old Dutch: *jū, ju, iu
- Old High German: jū, giu
  - Middle High German: jū
Gothic: 𐌾𐌿 (ju)
→ Proto-Finnic: *jo (“already”)
- Estonian: ju
- Finnish: jo
- Ingrian: jo
- Karelian:
  - North Karelian: jo
  - South Karelian: jo
- Livonian: jo, ju
- Livvi: jo
- Ludian: d'o
- Veps: jo
- Võro: jo, joq
- Votic: jo

References

^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 397
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 392
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “285”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 285
^ Lloyd, Albert L., Lühr, Rosemarie (1988) “io”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen‎ (in German), Göttingen/Zürich: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →ISBN, page 142
^ Hock et al.: Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (ALEW). Version 2.0, s.v. .

[1] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 397

[2] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 392

[3] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “285”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 285

[4] Lloyd, Albert L., Lühr, Rosemarie (1988) “io”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen‎ (in German), Göttingen/Zürich: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →ISBN, page 142

[5] Hock et al.: Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (ALEW). Version 2.0, s.v. .