Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swēraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*swērijaz

Etymology

Vṛddhi gerundive of an otherwise unattested strong verb *sweraną, from Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“heavy”). Cognate with Lithuanian sver̃ti (“to weigh, balance”), Latvian svars (“weight”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈswɛː.rɑz/

Adjective

*swēraz

heavy
grave, grievous, serious, important

Inflection

Declension of *swēraz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*swēraz	*swērō	*swērą, -atō	*swērai	*swērôz	*swērō
accusative	*swēranǭ	*swērǭ	*swērą, -atō	*swēranz	*swērōz	*swērō
genitive	*swēras, -is	*swēraizōz	*swēras, -is	*swēraizǫ̂	*swēraizǫ̂	*swēraizǫ̂
dative	*swērammai	*swēraizōi	*swērammai	*swēraimaz	*swēraimaz	*swēraimaz
instrumental	*swēranō	*swēraizō	*swēranō	*swēraimiz	*swēraimiz	*swēraimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*swērô	*swērǭ	*swērô	*swēraniz	*swērōniz	*swērōnō
accusative	*swēranų	*swērōnų	*swērô	*swēranunz	*swērōnunz	*swērōnō
genitive	*swēriniz	*swērōniz	*swēriniz	*swēranǫ̂	*swērōnǫ̂	*swēranǫ̂
dative	*swērini	*swērōni	*swērini	*swērammaz	*swērōmaz	*swērammaz
instrumental	*swērinē	*swērōnē	*swērinē	*swērammiz	*swērōmiz	*swērammiz

Synonyms

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *swār
- Old English: swǣr
  - Middle English: swere, swær, swar, sware, swer, suere
    - English: sweer, swear, sweir, swere
    - Scots: sweir, sweer, swere
- Old Frisian: swēr, swēre
  - North Frisian: swier
  - Saterland Frisian: sweer
  - West Frisian: swier
- Old Saxon: swār, swāri
  - Middle Low German: swâr
    - German Low German: swar, swaar, swor; swer
    - → Danish: svar
- Old Dutch: *swār
  - Middle Dutch: swâer
    - Dutch: zwaar
      - Afrikaans: swaar
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: swari
      - Negerhollands: swaar, swar
    - Limburgish: zwaor
    - Zealandic: zwaer
- Old High German: swār
  - Middle High German: swær, swǣre, swār, swēre, swēr
    - Alemannic German:
      Swabian: schwär
    - Bavarian: schwar
    - German: schwer
    - Luxembourgish: schwéier
    - Vilamovian: świer
    - Yiddish: שווער (shver)
Old Norse: svárr
- Icelandic: svár, sver (probably influenced by German schwer)
- Faroese: svárur
- Old Swedish: svār
  - Swedish: svår
- Danish: svar, svær (probably influenced by German schwer)
- Norwegian: svær (probably influenced by German schwer)
Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍂𐍃 (swērs)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*swēra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 499

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*swēra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 499