Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱís

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Presumedly a compound *ḱ(e)- +‎ *ís, or nominalized from the particle as *ḱí +‎ *-s by analogy to *(h₁)ís (from *h₁é?) and *kʷís (from *kʷ-?).

Pronoun

*ḱís

1. this (here)

Inflection

This pronoun needs an inflection-table template.

Alternative forms

• *ḱéys (full-grade) ?
• *ḱí (particle) ?

Reconstruction notes

An innovative pronoun which could have formed independently in some branches, though it appears archaic given its presence in Anatolian. Like *só, it widely came to be used as a determiner in descendant languages; it also commonly became a bound morpheme in prefixal or suffixal position (more at *ḱe).

Derived terms

• *ḱíteros
• *ḱitm̥mós
  • Proto-Italic: *kitəmos
    • Latin: citimus (“nearest”)

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *tˢja ? (< *ḱy-ós)
  • ⇒ *tˢjādīti (“on this day”) (+ *dīti (“day”))
    • Albanian: sot (“today”, adverb), sod; σὸτ
  • ⇒ *tˢjā(i) naktāi (“on this night”) (+ *naktā (“night”)) (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ *tˢjei wetei (“on this year”) (+ *weta (“year”))
    • Albanian: si-vjet (“this year”, adverb)
• Proto-Anatolian: *ḱí
  • Hittite: 𒆠𒄿 n (ki-i /⁠kī⁠/)
  • Luwian: 𒍣- (zi-, plural stem of 𒍝𒀀𒀸 (za-a-aš)), (zin … zin, “on the one hand … on the other”)
  • ⇒ *ḱyód
    • Palaic: (kii̯at, “here”, adverb)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śis (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *hiz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *kéis, *kís ?
  • ⇒ *(é-)key-enos (“that one there”) (+ *é-, + *énos (“that”))
    • Ancient Greek: ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos), κεῖνος (keînos); κῆνος (kênos); τῆνος (tênos); ἐκεινοσί (ekeinosí); ἐκεινοσίν (ekeinosín)
      • Greek: εκείνος (ekeínos)
  • ⇒ *ťi-āmeron (“ this day”) (+ *ā́mər (“day”), + *-on)
    • Ancient Greek: σήμερον (sḗmeron, “today”), σᾱ́μερον (sā́meron); τήμερον (tḗmeron)
      • Greek: σήμερα (símera)
      • Tsakonian: σάμερε (sámere)
  • ⇒ *ťi-wétes (“ this year”) (+ *wétos (“year”))
    • Ancient Greek: σῆτες (sêtes), τῆτες (têtes)
• Proto-Italic: *ki(s)
  • Latin: cis (preposition)

References