Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/só

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

In earlier, animacy-based two-gender Proto-Indo-European, *so was the animate demonstrative. Once the gender system was established, *seh₂ was created using the feminine suffix *-h₂; *tod was the inanimate demonstrative in two-gender Proto-Indo-European and was later used as a neuter demonstrative.

Pronoun

*só

this
that

Inflection

Thematic pronominal
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*só	*séh₂
genitive	*tósyo	*tósyeh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*só	*tóh₁	*tóy
accusative	*tóm	*tóh₁	*tóms
genitive	*tósyo	*?	*tóysoHom
ablative	*tósmead	*?	tóymos, tóybʰos
dative	*tósmey	*?	tóymos, tóybʰos
locative	*tósmi	*?	*tóysu
instrumental	*tónoh₁	*?	*tṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*séh₂	*?	*téh₂es
accusative	*tā́m	*?	*téh₂m̥s
genitive	*tósyeh₂s	*?	*téh₂soHom
ablative	*tósyeh₂s	*?	téh₂mos, téh₂bʰos
dative	*tósyeh₂ey	*?	téh₂mos, téh₂bʰos
locative	*tósyeh₂	*?	*téh₂su
instrumental	*téh₂(e)h₁	*?	téh₂mis, téh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*tód	*tóy	*téh₂
accusative	*tód	*tóy	*téh₂
genitive	*tósyo	*?	*tóysoHom
ablative	*tósmead	*?	tóymos, tóybʰos
dative	*tósmey	*?	tóymos, tóybʰos
locative	*tósmi	*?	*tóysu
instrumental	*tónoh₁	*?	*tṓys

Derived terms

Category Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *só- not found

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *só

*to-r (“there”)
- Proto-Germanic: *þar (see there for further descendants)
- *tor gʰi
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tarȷ́ʰis
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tarźʰis
      - Sanskrit: तर्हि (tarhi)
*to-ti-
- Italic:
  - Latin: tot
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tátis
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tátis
    - Sanskrit: तति (táti)
- ⇒ *to-ty-o-
  - Proto-Hellenic: *totsos
    - Ancient Greek: τόσος (tósos), τόσσος (tóssos) — Epic
*teh₂-li-, *to-li (“so great, to such an extent”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *toli
    - Polish: tyle (influenced by ile)
    - Russian: толь (tolʹ)
- >? Proto-Celtic: *talī- (“to cost, pay”)^[1]
  - Proto-Brythonic:
    - Old Breton: tal
    - Cornish: tal; tyli
    - Middle Welsh: talu
      - Welsh: talu
- Proto-Italic: *tālis
  - Latin: tālis (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *teh₂-li-ko-; *to-li-ko-
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Proto-Slavic: *toliko (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Hellenic: *tālíkos
    - Ancient Greek: τᾱλίκος (tālíkos), τηλίκος (tēlíkos)
*teh₂-wot
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: τῆος (têos), τέως (téōs)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tāHwats
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tāHwats
    - Sanskrit: तावत् (tāvat)
*s-ih₂

Descendants

Albanian:
- Proto-Albanian: *tan-^[2]
  - Albanian: tanë (“Gheg”)
  - Albanian: tërë
Proto-Albanian: *te-k(u)
- Albanian: tek (at)
- Albanian: te
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: *դո- (*do-)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tas (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *so (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *sa, *þan, *þar, *þus, *þau (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *ho
- Ancient Greek: ὁ (ho), ἡ (hē), τό (tó), ὡς (hōs), αὐτός (autós), ὅδε (hóde), ὁδί (hodí), οὗτος (hoûtos), τότε (tóte) - τοτέ (toté), τηλίκος (tēlíkos), τηνίκα (tēníka), τῆμος (têmos)
Proto-Italic: *so (as a whole pronoun), *sei (locative singular)
- Latin: sī, sic, tum, tam, iste, ita, ut
- Oscan: 𐌔𐌅𐌀𐌝 (svaí)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sá, *sáH, *tád (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tal-ī-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 366–367
^ Demiraj, B. (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: ] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎ (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 179

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tal-ī-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 366–367

[2] Demiraj, B. (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: ] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎ (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 179

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