Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷelH-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*gʷelH-

1. to throw, reach, pierce; to hit by throwing

On the basis of Celtic nasal-infix present *balnīti and several Greek derived terms like βέλεμνον (bélemnon, “javelin, dart”) the laryngeal may be reconstructed as *h₁.

• *gʷelH-éti (root present)
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: կեղ (keł, “wound, sore, ulcer”), կեղեմ (kełem, “to torment, torture, afflict”), (possibly) կեղերջ (kełerǰ, “complaint, grievance, pain”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gráHti
    • Proto-Iranian: *gráHti
      • Avestan: 𐬥𐬌-𐬖𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬈 (ni-γrāⁱre, “to throw down”)
        • Pashto: غوزارول (γwəzārawə́l, “throw, cause to fall, knock over”)
      • Persian: گرزین (gerzin, “arrow”)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: dzel̂t (“to sting”)
    • Lithuanian: gélti (“to hurt severely”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *kwelaną (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *gʷl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal infix present)
  • Proto-Celtic: *balnīti (“to die”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷelHtlom or *gʷelHdʰlom
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *žędlo (< *geldlo) (Vasmer) (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷélH-os
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βέλος (bélos, “missile”)
• *gʷelH-ón-eh₂
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βελόνη (belónē)
• *gʷélH-m̥n-o-
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βέλεμνον (bélemnon)
• *gʷélH-tus
  • Proto-Celtic:
    • Gaulish: belatu- (“death”)
      • Gaulish: Belatucadros (Theonym meaning "beautiful death")
• *gʷelh₁-éh₂-ye-ti
  • Proto-Italic: *gʷelājō or Proto-Italic: *gʷelāō
    • Latin: volō (“to fly”) (possibly)
• *gʷl̥H-id-yé-
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βαλλίζω (ballízō)
• *gʷl̥H-mn̥
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βλῆμα (blêma)
• *gʷl̥H-tós
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βλητός (blētós)
• *gʷl̥H-trom
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βλῆτρον (blêtron)
• *gʷolH-éye- (causative)
  • Proto-Germanic: *kwaljaną (see there for further descendants)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βολέω (boléō)
• *gʷolH-mos
  • Proto-West Germanic: *kwalm (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷόlH-os
  • possibly Proto-Balto-Slavic: *galas
    • Latvian: gals (“tip, end; death”)
    • Lithuanian: gãlas (“tip, end; death”)
    • Old Prussian: gallan (acc.), golis (“death”)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βόλος (bólos)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: gėlà (“acute pain”)
    • Slavic:
      • Old East Slavic: жель (želĭ)
      • → Latvian: žēl
      • → Russian: жаль (žalʹ)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βάλλω (bállō), βολή (bolḗ), βολίς (bolís)
  • Indo-Iranian:
    • Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: उद्गूर्ण (udgūrṇa)

*gʷelH-

2. to drip, ooze

• *gʷélH-e-ti (present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gálati
    • Classical Sanskrit: गलति (gálati, “to drip”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷl̥H-yé-ti (present)
  • Hittite: (/⁠ku(wa)liya-⁠/, “to flow (calmly), to be calm”)
• *gʷl̥H-tós (past participle)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gl̥Htás
    • Classical Sanskrit: गलित (galita, “oozed, melted”)
    • Prakrit: *𑀕𑀺𑀝 (*giṭa, “dripped”) (via Fortunatov's law) > *𑀕𑀺𑀟 (*giḍa) > *𑀕𑀺𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀇 (*giḍḍaï, “dripps, falls”)
      • Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
        • Punjabi:

          Gurmukhi script: ਗਿੱਡਣਾ (giḍḍaṇā), ਗਿਡਣਾ (giḍṇā), ਡਿਗਣਾ (ḍigṇā)

          Shahmukhi script: گِڈَّݨَا (giḍḍaṇā), گِڈݨَا (giḍṇā), ڈِگَّݨَا (ḍiggaṇā)

        • → Hindustani: डिगना / ڈگنا (ḍignā, “to collapse”)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Germanic:
    • Proto-West Germanic: *kwellan (see there for further descendants)
  • Sanskrit: गरण (garaṇa, “dripping”)
  • Sanskrit: *गिरति (*girati, “falls”) (perhaps from older Proto-Indo-Aryan *gl̥(H)yáti ~ *gr̥(H)yáti < Proto-Indo-European *gʷl̥H-yé-ti)
    • Prakrit: *𑀕𑀺𑀭𑀇 (*giraï)
      • Hindustani: गिरना / گرنا (girnā)
      • Nepali: गिर्नु (girnu)
      • Odia: ଗିରିବା (giribā)
      • Old Gujarati: गिरइ (giraï)
        • Marwari: 𑅗𑅑𑅭𑅑 (giri) / गिरइ (girai)
        • Gujarati: ગરવું (garvũ)
      • Punjabi: ਗਿਰਨਾ / گرنا (girnā)
  • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gl̥(H)-d-lá (“oozing”)
    • >? Prakrit: *𑀕𑁆𑀭𑀺𑀮𑁆𑀮 (*grilla, “wet, damp”), 𑀕𑀺𑀮𑁆𑀮 (gilla) (if not borrowed from substrate)
      • Hindustani: गीला / گِیلَا (gīlā, “wet”)
      • Kalasha: gríỊa (“wet”)
      • Nepali: गीलो (gīlo)
      • Punjabi: ਗਿੱਲਾ / گِلَّا (gillā)
• *gʷl̥H-eH- (“to drip > to collapse, be weary”, root extension?)
  • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Sanskrit: ग्लै (glai, “is weary”), ग्लाति (glāti)
  • Tocharian B: klāy- (“to collapse”)
  • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: gul̃ti (“to lie down”)
    • Latvian: gul̃t