Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰer-

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*gʰer-

  1. to rub
  2. to stroke
  3. to grind
  4. to remove

Extensions

  • *gʰrey-
  • >? *gʰren(H)dʰ-
  • *gʰrend-?
    • >? *gʰrónd-ro-s
      • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰróndros
        • >? Ancient Greek: χόνδρος (khóndros, “small mass; corn of grain; cartilage”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʰrewd- ~ *gʰr-eu-d- ~ *gʷrod-
    • Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: կորկոտ (korkot) < *gʷo-gʷrod- (perhaps)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: graudìnti (“to move, touch”)
      • Proto-Slavic: *gruditi (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Baltic:
        • Lithuanian: grúodas (“frost; frozen mud or street dirt”)
        • → Proto-Finnic: *routa (“frost on the ground”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Slavic: *grùda (“heap, lump”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *grautaz (“coarse, crude; big, large”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *greutaną (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *greutą (“grit, rubble”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *grautiz
    • Proto-Germanic: *grūtiz, *grūtą
  • *gʰrewh₂-, *gʰreh₂w-
    • ⇒ *gʰrewh₂-ǵ(ʰ)-
      • ⇒ *gʰrowǵ(ʰ)os
        • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grauˀźas (“crushed stone, gravel”)
          • Latvian: gruži pl (“crushed stone”)
          • Lithuanian: gráužas, graũžas (“gravel, coarse sand”)
          • Proto-Slavic: *gruzъ (“crushed stone, gravel”) (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *gʰrówh₂-mn̥ or *gʰróh₂u-mn̥
      • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓwmə
        • Ancient Greek: χρῶμα (khrôma, “color; skin”) (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *gʰrówh₂-s or *gʰróh₂u-s
      • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓws
        • Ancient Greek: χρώς (khrṓs, “color; skin”) (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀒𐀫𐀸𐀁 (a-ko-ro-we-e /⁠(h)akʰroweʰe⁠/)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Latvian: gŗaût (“to destroy, demolish, bring down”)
      • Lithuanian: griáuti (“to destroy, demolish”)
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • >? Ancient Greek: ἔχραον (ékhraon, “attack, assault”)
    • Proto-Italic: *grūō
      • Latin: *gruō
        • ⇒? Latin: ingruō (“make an onslaught upon, attack, assail, fall on, threaten”)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • >? Proto-Italic: *grandis
      • ⇒ Latin: grandis (“large”) (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰer-‎ (6 c, 0 e)

References

  1. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 169: “*ghrendh- ‘grind’”
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κέγχρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 662
  3. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “griauti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 187
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