Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kret-

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 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology 1

Root

*kret-[1]

  2. to be strong
  3. to swell
Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kret- (strong) (11 c, 0 e)
  • *krét-ti ~ *kr̥t-énti (athematic root present)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kirstei
  • *kórt-u-s[2] (built from earlier o-grade *kort-)
    • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kártus (“bitter”)
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *harduz (“hard; brave”) (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *harskaz (“rough; sour”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *krét-u-s ~ *kr̥t-éw-s (“having strength, strong”)[8][9][10][4][11][6][12][13] (suggested to be a denominal of *krót-u-s ~ *kért-u-s (“strength”)[14][15][16])
    • Proto-Hellenic: *krətús (< leveled *kr̥t-ú-s[4][17][18])
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krátuš (“force, mental power”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *kr̥t-tó-s (“swollen”)
    • Proto-Italic: *krassus
      • >? Latin: crassus (“thick; fat”)

References

  1. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “3. kar-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 531: “idg. Erweiterung *kre-t-”
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hardu-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 211: “*kort-ú-”
  3. ^ Meissner, Torsten (2005) S-Stem Nouns and Adjectives in Greek and Proto-Indo-European: A Diachronic Study in Word Formation (Oxford Classical Monographs)‎, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 62: “*kr̥th₂u- ‘strong’ in κρατύς, cf. κραται-, κραταιός, Old Lith. kartus.”
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κράτος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 772: “IE *kret-s- ‘strength’, *krt-u-, *krt-ero-”
  5. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xurskaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 195: “*xurþ-skaz”
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2011) “Weise's Law: depalatalization of palatovelars in Sanskrit”, in Krisch, Thomas, Lindner, Thomas, editors, Indogermanistik und Linguistik im Dialog, Akten der XIII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft vom 21. bis 27. September 2008 in Salzburg., Wiebaden: Reichert, page 2: “krátu- ‘force’ ~ Av. xratu- ‘mental power’ < *krétu- (Gr. κρατύς ‘superior’ < *kr-tu-, κράτος ‘power’ < *kr-to-).”
  7. ^ Peters, Martin (1980) “Untersuchungen zur Vertretung der indogermanischen Laryngale im Griechischen”, in Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-historischen Klasse (Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Linguistik und Kommunikationsforschung; 8) (in German), volume 377, Vienna: Verlag der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, →ISBN, page 24: “*kŕ̥tos”
  8. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 183: “PD *krét-u-/*krt-éu- ‘having mental force’ (Gr. kratús ‘strong’)”
  9. ^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell, page 187: “*krétus genit. *kr̥t-éu-s”
  10. ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (1988) The System of Nominal Accentuation in Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-European‎, Brill, page 42: “*kret-u-”
  11. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “krátu-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 407-408: “Idg. *krétu-”
  12. ^ Jasanoff, Jay (2017) The Prehistory of the Balto-Slavic Accent (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 17), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 21: “as a possessive adjective (‘having X’; e.g., *krót-u- ~ *krét-u- ‘strength’ (acrostatic b; cf. Ved. krátu-) ⇒ *krét-u- ~ *kr̥t-éu- ‘having strength, strong’ (proterokinetic; cf. Gk. kratús))”
  13. ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “krátu-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 280-281: “IE form: kretu-”
  14. ^ Ozoliņš, Kaspars (2015) Revisiting Proto-Indo-European Schwebeablaut (PhD doctorate), Los Angeles: University of California, page 71: “*krót-u- / *krét-u- (Ved. krátu- ‘power’) → proterokinetic *krét-u- / *kr̥t-éu̯-”
  15. ^ Vijūnas, Aurelijus (2016) “Ved. ketú- ‘brightness’ Revisited: Some Additional Considerations”, in Gunkel, Dieter, Katz, Joshua T., Vine, Brent, Weiss, Michael, editors, Sahasram Ati Srajas: Indo-European and Indo-Iranian Studies in Honor of Stephanie W. Jamison‎, Ann Arbor, New York: Beech Stave Press, →ISBN, page 447: “*krótu-/*krétu- ‘strength’ (Ved. krátu-) → *krétu-/*kr̥t-éu- ‘strong’ (Gk. κρατύς)”
  16. ^ Grestenberger, Laura (2009) The Vedic i-Stems and internal derivation (master's dissertation)‎, Vienna: Universität Wien, Philologisch-Kulturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, pages 2-3
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 191: “*krétyōs > *kretˢōs → *kret⁽ˢ⁾yōn > *kreččōn > κρέσσων, Att. κρείσσων”
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Kapović, Mate (2017) “Part 1 Chapter 2: Proto-Indo-European morphology”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 80: “Gr. (Ion.) κρέσσω\ν\ ‘stronger’ < *kret-yōs from κρατύς ‘strong’ < *kr̥t-u-s; Horn. κρατύς ‘strong’ (PIE *kr̥t-ú-),”
  19. ^ Ruijgh, Cornells J. (1997) “Les lois phonétiques relatives aux laryngales et les actions analogiques dans la préhistoire du grec”, in Lubotsky, A., editor, Sound Law and Analogy (in French), Amsterdam, Atlanta, page 267: “*krét-yos-”

Etymology 2

Root

*kret-[1][2][3]

  2. to shake, rattle
  3. to move quickly
Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kret- (shake) (7 c, 0 e)
  • *krét-e-ti (thematic root present)[2]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kréstei
      • Latvian: krė̃sti (“to shake”)
      • Lithuanian: krèst (“to fall, drop, die”)
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *hreþaną (“to sift”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *krot-éye-ti (eye-causative/iterative)[2][4]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kratīˀtei
      • Latvian: kratît (“to shake repeatedly”)
      • Lithuanian: kratýti (“to shake, jolt”)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *krotéō
  • *kr̥-né-t-ti ~ *kr̥-n-t-én-ti (nasal infix)[4]
  • *kret-ó-s (“a shake, tremble”)
  • *krot-ó-s[6]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Germanic: *hradaz (“quick, hasty”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *krot-ú-s

References

  1. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1. kret-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 620
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*kret-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 370-371
  3. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 509: “*kret-”
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hratt/dōn-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 243
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hurton- ~ *hruton-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 260
  6. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hraþa- ~ *hrada-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 243
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