Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/dušmánāh
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This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Iranian
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dušmánās, from Proto-Indo-European *dusmenēs. Equivalent to *duš- (“bad”) + *mánah (“mind, thought”). Cognate with Sanskrit दुर्मनस् (durmanas, “sad, melancholy”).
Adjective
Descendants
- Central Iranian
- Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬵 (dušmanah)
- Northestern Iranian:
- Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: دژمن (dužman)
- Kurdish:
- Proto-Medo-Parthian:
- Southwestern Iranian:
- Middle Persian: (/dušman, dušmen/)
- Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫏𐫗 (dwšmyn), 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫗 (dwšmn)
- Book Pahlavi script: (dwšmn')
- Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭣𐭥𐭱𐭬𐭭𐭩 (dʿšmny)
- Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮐𐮀𐮌𐮇 (ŠANH)
- → Parthian: (/dušmen, dušman/)
- Lurish
- Classical Persian: دشمن (dušman) (see there for further descendants)
- Middle Persian: (/dušman, dušmen/)
References
- ^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov (in Russian), volume 1, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 416