Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/táwxma

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *táwkma, from Proto-Indo-European *tewk-.

Noun

*táwxma n

seed
kinship, family

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬨𐬀𐬥 n (taoxman, “seed, germ, kinship”)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Saka-Wakhi:
  - Khotanese: (ttīma)
  - Wakhi: taɣ̌m
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Bactrian:
    Greek script: τοχμανο (toxmano /⁠tuxman⁠/)
  - Proto-Sogdic: *táo̯xmah
    - Sogdian: (/toxmí, toxmḗ/)
      Buddhist: (tγmy)
      
      Christian: (ṯxmy), (ṯwxmy)
      
      Sogdian script: 𐽂𐼲𐼺𐼷 (tɣmy)
    - Yagnobi: taxm (/⁠táx⁽ⁱ⁾m⁠/), tuxm (/⁠túx⁽ᵘ⁾m⁠/)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Ishkashimi: (tьxm)
- Parachi: tuxm
- Pashto:
  Pashto: تومن m (tumán), تومنه f (twámna, tómna)
  
  Waziri: (temna)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *tūɣn
  - Proto-Munji-Yidgha:
    - Munji: توگهم (tuǧm)
  - Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *tūɣm
    - Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *tūɣm
      - Shughni: ту̊ғм (tū̊ɣm)
      - Sarikoli: teɣ̌m
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: (tūm), (tōm)
- Kurdish:
  Central Kurdish: تۆو (tow), تۆم (tom)
  
  Northern Kurdish: tov
  
  Southern Kurdish: تۊیەم (tüyem)
  
  Laki: توم (tum)
- Old Median: *tōxmā, *tauxmā
  - Middle Median: *tōxm
    - Kermanic:
      - Nayini: تُم (tum)
  - ⇒ Old Median: *Zrūtōxmā
    - → Elamite: 𒄑𒊒𒁺𒊌𒈠 (iz-ru-du-uk-ma)
- Parthian:
  Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫇𐫟𐫖 (twxm), 𐫎𐫇𐫟𐫖 (ṯwxm /⁠tōxm⁠/, “seed; line, race”); 𐫤𐫇𐫟𐫖𐫗 (twxmn /⁠tōxman⁠/, “seed-grain”)
  - → Classical Persian: تخم
    - Dari: تخم (toxm)
    - Iranian Persian: تخم (toxm, “seed, grain, gamete”)
    - Tajik: тухм (tuxm, “egg”)
    - → Armenian: թոխում (tʻoxum)
    - → Bashkir: тоҡом (toqom)
    - → Pashto: تخم (tuxm)
    - → Turkish: tohum
- Zaza-Gurani:
  - Gurani: تۆم (tōm)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Larestani: (toxm), (tox)
- Old Persian: 𐎫𐎢𐎶𐎠 f (t-u-m-a /⁠tauʰmā⁠/, “family”)
  - Middle Persian: (/tōhm/, "seed; family")
    Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫇𐫍𐫖 (twhm), 𐫎𐫇𐫍𐫖 (ṯwhm)
    Book Pahlavi script: (twm)
    - ⇒ Middle Persian: ("family")
      Manichaean script: 𐫎𐫇𐫍𐫖𐫃𐫀𐫗 pl (ṯwhmgʾn /⁠tōhmagān⁠/)
      Book Pahlavi script: (twhmk /⁠tōhmag⁠/)
    - Gabri: (tūm)
    - → Old Armenian: տոհմ (tohm, “tribe, kin, clan”)
    - → Old Georgian: ტოჰმი (ṭohmi), ტომი (ṭomi)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 180

[Novák-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 180

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/táwxma

Contents

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

Noun

Descendants

References

Wikious

Boobota

Sagapedia