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 This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *upéri.

Adverb

*upári

  1. above, over

Descendants

  • Central Iranian
    • Avestan: 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (upairi)
  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Khotanese: (vīra, “on”)
    • Sogdo-Bactrian:
      • Khwarezmian: پر (pr /⁠par⁠/)
      • Proto-Sogdic:
        • Sogdian: (/⁠par⁠/, “to; on; at; in; for; upon”)
          Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫡 (pr)
          Sogdian script: 𐼾𐽀 (pr)
          Syriac script: ܦܪ (pr)
        • Yagnobi: пар (par)
  • Southeastern Iranian:
    • Pashto: پر (pər, “on; upon; over; above”) (only used as prefix)
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Baluchi: ابر (abur, “top, up; head, chief”) (perhaps)
    • Kurdish: ("before; over")
      Central Kurdish: وه‌ر (war) (used as prefix)
      Northern Kurdish: wer (war) (used as prefix)
      Southern Kurdish: وه‌ر (war) (used as prefix and single word)
    • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
      • Caspian:
        • Old Mazanderani: بر (bar), ور (war, “in; at; on, upon; up”)
          • Mazanderani: ور (var) (only used as prefix; e.g. ورکشین (var-këšīn, “to take up”))
        • Gurgani: ور (war, “in; at; on, upon”)
        • Gilaki: وه (vi-, “up”) (only used as prefix; e.g. ورشت (vi-rišt, “rose up”)), بٚه (bə, “upon; to; on”)
      • Old Median:
        • Talysh: (/⁠pe-⁠/, “up”) (only used as prefix; e.g. pe-gat (pe-gat, “took up”) in Northern Talysh)
          Arabic script: په
          Latin script: pe
      • Parthian: (/⁠abar⁠/)
        Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭒𐭃𐭌 (QDM) (Logogram)
        Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫁𐫡 (ʾbr)
      • Zaza- Gurani:
        • Gurani: ۋه‌ر (ʋar, “over; on; up”) (only used as prefix)
        • Zazaki: ver (wa, “before”) (used as prefix)
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Old Persian: 𐎢𐎱𐎼𐎡𐎹 (u-p-r-i-y /⁠upariy⁠/, “prefix and adverb, means "up" or "top" or "upon"”)
      • Middle Persian: (/⁠abar⁠/, “over, super, on, upon”) (used as prefix or single word)
        Book Pahlavi script: (QDM) (Logogram), (ʾpl)
        Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫁𐫡 (ʾbr), 𐫀𐫂𐫡 (ʾβr)
        Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭬𐭣𐭬 (QDM) (Logogram)
        Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮋𐮃𐮋 (QDM) (Logogram)
        Pazend script: 𐬀𐬬𐬀𐬭 (avar)
        • Classical Persian: ابر (abar), بر (bar), ور (war, “top; on, upon”) (all used as prefix or single word)
          Dari: ابر (abar, “super-, over-”) (only used as prefix), بر (bar), ور (war, “top; on, upon”) (used as prefix or single word)
          Iranian Persian: ابر (abar, “super-, over-”) (only used as prefix), بر (bar), ور (var, “top; on, upon”) (used as prefix or single word)
          Tajik: абар (abar, “super-, over-”) (only used as prefix), бар (bar), вар (var, “top; on, upon”) (used as prefix or single word)

References

  1. ^ Bartholomae, Christian (1904) “upairi”, in Altiranisches Wörterbuch ‎ (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, column 236
  2. ^ Bailey, H. W. (1979) “vīra”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 433
  3. ^ Gharib, B. (1995) “pr”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 344a
  4. ^ , "پر" at online dictionary (Qamosona); Pashto English Dictionary (Testversion)
  5. ^ Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004) “ʾbr”, in A Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum; 3.1), Turnhout: Brepols, page 12
  6. ^ Bartholomae, Christian (1904) “upairi”, in Altiranisches Wörterbuch ‎ (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, column 236
  7. ^ Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004) “ʾbr”, in A Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum; 3.1), Turnhout: Brepols, page 12
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