Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/na-ŋ

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 This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology

  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *njaɣ (Coblin, 1986)
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *na-ŋ (Matisoff, STEDT); *naŋ ⪤ **na (LaPolla, 1987)

Compare Old Japanese な (汝 (na, “you”)), Middle Korean 너 (neo, “you”).

Pronoun

*na-ŋ

  1. you (second-person singular pronoun)

Descendants

  • Old Chinese:
    女, 汝 /*naʔ/ (B-S); /*njaʔ/ (ZS) ("you (sg.)")
    乃 (*nɯːʔ) /*nˤəʔ/ (B-S); /*nɯːʔ/ (ZS) ("your (sg.)")
    爾 (*njelʔ) /*neʔ/ (B-S); /*njelʔ/ (ZS) ("you (sg. & pl.)")
    而 (*njɯ) /*nə/ (B-S); /*njɯ/ (ZS) ("you, your")
    你 (*nɯʔ) /*nɯʔ/ (ZS) ("you") (colloquial variant)
    戎 (*njuŋ) /*nuŋ/ (B-S); /*njuŋ/ (ZS) ("you")
    若 /*nak/ (B-S); /*njaɡ/ (ZS) ("you")
    • Middle Chinese: 女, 汝 (ȵɨʌX), 乃 (nʌiX), 爾 (ȵiᴇX), 而 (ȵɨ), 你 (ɳɨX), 戎 (ȵɨuŋ), 若 (ȵɨɐk)
      (All of these survive as readings in compounds or in literary texts in modern dialects. Listed below are the colloquial words for "you" which are ultimately from this PST etymon.)
      • Modern Mandarin
        • Beijing: 你 (nǐ) (nǐ, /ni²¹⁴/) ("you, thou")
      • Cantonese
        • Guangzhou: 你 (nei5) /nei¹³/ ("you, thou")
      • Wu
        • Shanghai: 儂／侬 (6non) /nʊ̆ŋ²³/ ("you, thou")
    • Min
      • Min Nan
        • Taiwan: 你, 汝 /li⁵¹/ ("you")
  • Kamarupan
    • Proto-Kuki-Chin: *naŋ
      • Central Chin
      • Khomic
  • Tangut-Qiang
  • Jingpho-Asakian
    • Jingpho
      • Jingpho : nang (“you”)
  • Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
    • Lolo-Burmese
      /*naŋ¹/ ("2nd person pronoun")
      • Burmish
        • Mranmaic
          • Burmese: နင် (nang, “you (intimate, impolite)”), နင့် (nang., “your; you (intimate, impolite)”), ညည်း (nyany:, “you (used among women)”)
        • Northern Burmic
      • Loloish
        /*naŋ¹/ (Bradley, 1979)
        • Northern Loloish
          • Yi (Liangshan): ꆏ (ne, “you (sg.)”), ꆍ (nop, “you (pl.)”)
        • Central Loloish
      • Naic
  • Karenic:

See also

  • *ŋa (“I (first-person singular pronoun)”)
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