Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/ľutъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Perhaps a relic t-participle of Proto-Balto-Slavic *ljáutei, maybe conveying “to thrill, to surge” (per Mladenov). According to Endzelīns, akin to Latvian ļaũns (“evil, wicked”), ļoti (“highly, excessively”) (adverb), while Toporov considers potential relation to Lithuanian liáutis (“to cease, to stop oneself”). Compare also Proto-Germanic *leuþą (“song, appraisal”).
Adjective
*ľutъ[1]
- harsh, cruel, severe
- (by extension) spicy, pungent, abrasive (for taste)
- (figurative) angry, fierce, violent, bloodthirsty (for person, animal)
Inflection
Indefinite declension of *ľutъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *ľutъ | *ľuta | *ľuto |
| genitive | *ľuta | *ľuty | *ľuta |
| dative | *ľutu | *ľutě | *ľutu |
| accusative | *ľutъ | *ľutǫ | *ľuto |
| instrumental | *ľutomь | *ľutojǫ | *ľutomь |
| locative | *ľutě | *ľutě | *ľutě |
| vocative | *ľute | *ľuto | *ľuto |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *ľuta | *ľutě | *ľutě |
| genitive | *ľutu | *ľutu | *ľutu |
| dative | *ľutoma | *ľutama | *ľutoma |
| accusative | *ľuta | *ľutě | *ľutě |
| instrumental | *ľutoma | *ľutama | *ľutoma |
| locative | *ľutu | *ľutu | *ľutu |
| vocative | *ľuta | *ľutě | *ľutě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *ľuti | *ľuty | *ľuta |
| genitive | *ľutъ | *ľutъ | *ľutъ |
| dative | *ľutomъ | *ľutamъ | *ľutomъ |
| accusative | *ľuty | *ľuty | *ľuta |
| instrumental | *ľuty | *ľutami | *ľuty |
| locative | *ľutěxъ | *ľutaxъ | *ľutěxъ |
| vocative | *ľuti | *ľuty | *ľuta |
Definite declension of *ľutъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *ľutъjь | *ľutaja | *ľutoje |
| genitive | *ľutajego | *ľutyję̇ | *ľutajego |
| dative | *ľutujemu | *ľutěji | *ľutujemu |
| accusative | *ľutъjь | *ľutǫjǫ | *ľutoje |
| instrumental | *ľutyjimь | *ľutǫjǫ | *ľutyjimь |
| locative | *ľutějemь | *ľutěji | *ľutějemь |
| vocative | *ľutъjь | *ľutaja | *ľutoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *ľutaja | *ľutěji | *ľutěji |
| genitive | *ľutuju | *ľutuju | *ľutuju |
| dative | *ľutyjima | *ľutyjima | *ľutyjima |
| accusative | *ľutaja | *ľutěji | *ľutěji |
| instrumental | *ľutyjima | *ľutyjima | *ľutyjima |
| locative | *ľutuju | *ľutuju | *ľutuju |
| vocative | *ľutaja | *ľutěji | *ľutěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *ľutiji | *ľutyję̇ | *ľutaja |
| genitive | *ľutъjixъ | *ľutъjixъ | *ľutъjixъ |
| dative | *ľutyjimъ | *ľutyjimъ | *ľutyjimъ |
| accusative | *ľutyję̇ | *ľutyję̇ | *ľutaja |
| instrumental | *ľutyjimi | *ľutyjimi | *ľutyjimi |
| locative | *ľutyjixъ | *ľutyjixъ | *ľutyjixъ |
| vocative | *ľutiji | *ľutyję̇ | *ľutaja |
Derived terms
- *ľutiti, *ľutěti (sę), *ľutovati
- *ľuto (“evil, wickedness”)
- *ľutьcь, *ľutica, *ľutunъ (“evil, wicked person or animal”)
- *ľutakъ, *ľutikъ, *ľutiťь, *ľutičę (type of pungent herb)
- *ľutostь, *ľutina, *ľutyni (“rugness, harshness, fierceness”)
- *ľutъkъ, *ľutьnъ, *ľutovъ
- *ľutivъ, *ľutěnъ
Related terms
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “лютый”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1988), “*ljutъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 15 (*lětina – *lokačь), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 231
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “лют”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 581
- “liautis”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
References
- ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “ljutъ ljuta ljuto”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b (SA 108, 110; PR 136)”