Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/běda
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Opinions alternate between:
- Meyer (in context to Albanian be): Via earlier *báidāˀ from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeydʰ- (“to cajole, force, compel”), cognate with Albanian be f (“oath”), Latin foedus (“treaty”). Probably also akin to Lithuanian baĩdas (“scare”) (per Martynov). Lyapunov (ИОРЯС XXXI) further interprets the etymon as *bojati (“to fear”) + *-da (locative suffix). In contrast, Milleit views it as a deverbial from *běditi (“to compel, to coerce”) (doubted by Trubačev).
- Derksen, Smoczyński: Cognate with Lithuanian bėdà (“misfortune, guilt”), Latvian bēda (“misfortune, guilt”), presumably from *bḗdāˀ, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰ- (“to oppress”). Further akin to Lithuanian bãdas (“hunger”), Latvian bads (“hunger”), possibly Sanskrit बाधा (bādhā, “hardship, suffering”).
Convergence of the two sources cannot be excluded either.
Noun
Declension
Declension of *bě̄dà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *bě̄dà | *bě̃dě | *bě̄dỳ |
| genitive | *bě̄dỳ | *bě̄dù | *bě̃dъ |
| dative | *bě̄dě̀ | *bě̄dàma | *bě̄dàmъ |
| accusative | *bě̄dǫ̀ | *bě̃dě | *bě̄dỳ |
| instrumental | *bě̄dòjǫ, *bě̃dǫ** | *bě̄dàma | *bě̄dàmī |
| locative | *bě̄dě̀ | *bě̄dù | *bě̄dàsъ, *bě̄dàxъ* |
| vocative | *bědo | *bě̃dě | *bě̄dỳ |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
- *bědica, *bědъka (diminutive)
- *bědьnъ (“poor”)
- *bědьstvьje (“calamity”)
- *bědunъ (“wretch”)
Related terms
- *běditi (“to compel, to coerce, to defeat; to persuade, to slander, to cuss”)
- *obida (“unfairness”) (not certain)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1975), “*běda”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 2 (*bez – *bratrъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 54
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “беда”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “беда”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 39
- “bėda”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
- “baidyti”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
- Eric P. Hamp (1985) “Indo-European *bheHi-, Latin foedus, and Balto-Slavic”, in Indogermanische Forschungen, pages 66-69
References
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*bě̄dà”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 38: “f. ā (b) ‘need, poverty, misery’”
- ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “běda -y”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b (SA 78; PR 135)”
- ^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “bẹ́da”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *běda̋”