User:Malku H₂n̥rés/Afroasiatic consistency
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Introduction
The creation of Proto-Afroasiatic entries requires attested descendants. Because most of Afroasiatic languages are poorly referenced on Wiktionary, the aim of this project is, in the lowest branches, to identify which meanings have referenced words, then to check if these words are cognates to create entries in the lowest reconstructed languages, then with middle branches to create entries in the direct descendants of Proto-Afroasiatic, then to create Proto-Afroasiatic entries. For instance, for Masa<Chadic<Afroasiatic, I will:
- see which meanings have words in several Masa languages
- check if those words are cognates through phonological evidences
- create the Proto-Masa entry for this meaning, thus providing Masa reflexes
- do the same thing for Chadic languages to create Proto-Chadic entries
- do the same thing for Afroasiatic to create Proto-Afroasiatic entries
Thus each entry of reconstructed language will be reliable thanks to the providing of solid reflexes. For references, they don't need to ensure the inherited reflexes (those refs belong to lower-order entries) but only the PAA reconstruction. If the cognates are enough close and/or the references agree each others, they can be used, because some entries can still be good even if the reference is bad. For instance, Starling is not reliable for PAA in general but one on 40 entries (the rate may be higher but anyway) provides secure inherited reflexes in almost all branches, making the entry reliable, as in *mawVt- (“to die”) which provides, in all branches, reflexes with the same meaning and phonological resemblance. Eventually, Swadesh-list-like (ie. "basic") vocabulary can be securely reconstructed for PAA and so included on Wiktionary in the Reconstructed namespace. See:
- Orel, Vladimir E., Stolbova, Olga V. (1995) “*mawVt-”, in Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary: Materials for a Reconstruction (Handbuch der Orientalistik; I.18), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Global useful informations
Model to follow
Model to follow
- For a language:
- See if it has entries.
- If yes, switch to the next language.
- If no:
- See the entry maintenance, term requests, redlinks, Wikidata, etc. See everything disponible for this language.
- See the Wikipedia article.
- If there are links in references, see if they are accessible.
- If yes, bring them back here.
- If no, but it seems very reliable (famous book or written by a famous linguist in this domain or part of great groups like Leiden Studies), bring it back too.
- If the article provides secure vocabulary, bring it back, if possible with the references.
- If there are links in references, see if they are accessible.
- Once entries are gathered (created entries or redlinks), put them in the "Meanings" table.
- See if it has entries.
Javascript Regular Expression to convert into standardized entries
js regex
"^====={{m|(.+-pro)|\*(.+)|t=(.+)|pos=(.+), (.+)}}===== {{rel-top|entry}} (\* {{desc|.+}}.*)+ References (.*) {{rel-bottom}}$"" Reconstruction:$4/$2 {{reconstructed}} ===$4=== ===$5=== {{head|$1|$5}} # ] ====Descendants==== $6 ===References=== $7 "
Places to find references
- User:Malku H₂n̥rés/Free knowledge (don't forget to ensure that all refs here are proposed there)
General references templates
Here are the references related to all the Afroasiatic family, both true templates and simple links which need, for some of them, to become templates due to their their utility. A reference with the qualifier (done) is already put in the reference sections it belongs to.
{{R:WOLD}} (done)
Attested lexicon, modern languages, fully reliable, infos at .
Languages with vocabulary 1000-2000 entries provided (done)
- Proto-Berber:
- Maarten Kossmann. (2009). Tarifit vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- Proto-Chadic:
- West Chadic:
- Ari Awagana and H. Ekkehard Wolff with Doris Löhr. (2009). Hausa vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- West Chadic:
- Proto-Cushitic:
- Maarten Mous. (2009). Iraqw vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- Mauro Tosco. (2009). Gawwada vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Other Afroasiatic donor languages (thus almost only inherited words here) (done)
{{R:HSED}}
Reconstructions at any stage, with provided descendants, generally not reliable, but a few entries still are so they can be used. {{R:HSED|*root-}}.
- Afroasiatic languages linguistic database from to then search a language family name to see all the linguistic infos about all the starling-referenced languages belonging to this family.
Afroasiatic languages databases (done)
Proto-Afroasiatic: Militarev, Alexander; Stolbova, Olga (2007) Afroasiatic etymological database
- Proto-Berber: Militarev, Alexander (2006) Berber etymological database
- Proto-Chadic:
- Proto-Cushitic:
- Beja: Militarev, Alexander (2005) Bedauye (Beja) etymological database
- Central Cushitic (Agaw): Militarev, Alexander (2005) Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymological database
- East Cushitic:
- South Cushitic: Militarev, Alexander (2005) South Cushitic etymological database
- Egyptian: Militarev, Alexander (2005) Egyptian etymological database
- Proto-Omotic: Militarev, Alexander (2005) Omotic etymological database
- Proto-Semitic: Militarev, Alexander (2006) Semitic etymological database
{{R:NSWL}} (done)
- “numeral system”, in Numeral Systems of the World's Languages, (Can we date this quote?)
- Attested lexicon, modern languages, linguists-provided data: fully reliable.
- Afroasiatic:
Wikis incubator
- A helpful resource to expand the lexicon of poorly Wiktionary-referenced languages, also provides the ones which have got their own domain since:
Numerals
Refs
- Numerals from 1 to 10 from zompist.com, then search "Afroasiatic" for interesting potential cognates of numerals only (because it's a single page for a lot languages of any branch and only for numerals, spreading it would have meant putting the same page in every single "language-specific references" section and only for numerals, which would have been a great loss of time and place for this possibly not reliable reference):
Simple links
Links
- Orel V., Stolbova O., Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary: Materials for a Reconstruction, HSED, Leiden & New York, 1995: (done)
- Иллич-Свитыч, В. М. , Материалы к сравнительному словарю ностратических языков (индоевропейский, алтайский, уральский, дравидийский, картвельский, семито-хамитский). // Этимология 1965. , abbrev name: МССНЯ, publisher: Изд. "Наука". , Москва. , 1967.: (done)
- Dolgopolsky - Nostratic Dictionary (2008): (done)
- Dolgopolsky - Nostratic Dictionary (3rd edition, 2012): (done)
- Bomhard - Some Nostratic Etymologies: Supplement I: (done)
- Bengston, John, Ruhlen, Merritt (1994) “Global etymologies (GE)”, in On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy, Stanford University Press, retrieved 27 June 2020, pages 277–336 (done)
Do not add anything else: new sources related to the whole Afroasiatic family belong in the "References (afa-pro)".
- : List of Archive.org books related to Afroasiatic (note to me: with this orthography, don't forget to search for <Afro-asiatic>, <Hamito-Semitic> and also <Semitic> and others branches to ensure getting everything!).
- Library Genesis, a free online Library for (stolen) scholar publications: http:// + gen.lib.rus.ec/
Proto-Berber
Useful categories (ber-pro)
Categories
Entries (ber-pro)
Entries
*~yiwan (“one”, Proto-Berber, Numeral)
Entry
- Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵏ (yan)
- Chenoua:
- Ghadames:
- Ghomara:
- Kabyle: yiwen m, yiwet f
- Moroccan Amazigh:
- Nefusa:
- Tunisian Berber:
- Siwi:
- Tachawit:
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
- Tarifit:
- Tashelhit:
- Tayert:
- Tuareg: iyen (see there for further descendants)
- Zenaga:
References
*~sin (“two”, Proto-Berber, Numeral)
Entry
- Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵙⵉⵏ (sin)
- Chenoua:
- Ghadames:
- Ghomara:
- Kabyle: sin m, snat f
- Moroccan Amazigh:
- Nefusa:
- Tunisian Berber:
- Siwi:
- Tachawit:
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
- Tarifit:
- Tashelhit:
- Tayert:
- Tuareg: (see there for further descendants)
- Zenaga:
References
*~karaḍ (“three”, Proto-Berber, Numeral)
Entry
- Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴽⵕⴰⴹ (kṛaḍ)
- Chenoua:
- Ghadames:
- Ghomara:
- Kabyle: kraḍ
- Moroccan Amazigh:
- Nefusa:
- Tunisian Berber:
- Siwi:
- Tachawit:
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
- Tarifit:
- Tashelhit:
- Tayert:
- Tuareg: (see there for further descendants)
- Zenaga: kaṛaḏ̣
References
*hakkuẓ (“four”, Proto-Berber, Numeral)
Entry
- Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴽⴽⵓⵥ (kkuẓ)
- Chenoua:
- Ghadames:
- Ghomara:
- Kabyle: kuẓ
- Moroccan Amazigh:
- Nefusa:
- Tunisian Berber:
- Siwi:
- Tachawit:
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
- Tarifit:
- Tashelhit:
- Tayert:
- Tuareg: (see there for further descendants)
- Zenaga:
References
*~sammus (“five”, Proto-Berber, Numeral)
Entry
- Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ (smmus)
- Chenoua:
- Ghadames:
- Ghomara:
- Kabyle: semmus
- Moroccan Amazigh:
- Nefusa:
- Tunisian Berber:
- Siwi:
- Tachawit:
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
- Tarifit:
- Tashelhit:
- Tayert: ṣəṃṃōs
- Tuareg: semmus (see there for further descendants)
- Zenaga:
References
*saḍīs (“six”, Proto-Berber, Numeral)
Entry
- Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵙⴹⵉⵙ (sḍis)
- Chenoua:
- Ghadames:
- Ghomara:
- Kabyle: sḍis
- Moroccan Amazigh:
- Nefusa:
- Tunisian Berber:
- Siwi:
- Tachawit:
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
- Tarifit:
- Tashelhit:
- Tayert: səḍīs, ⵙⴻⴹⵉⵙ
- Tuareg: (see there for further descendants)
- Zenaga: šuḏ̣iš
References
*~sah (“seven”, Proto-Berber, Numeral)
Entry
- Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵙⴰ (sa)
- Chenoua:
- Ghadames:
- Ghomara:
- Kabyle: sa
- Moroccan Amazigh:
- Nefusa:
- Tunisian Berber:
- Siwi:
- Tachawit:
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
- Tarifit:
- Tashelhit:
- Tayert: əṣṣā
- Tuareg: (see there for further descendants)
- Zenaga:
References
*~tam (“eight”, Proto-Berber, Numeral)
Entry
- Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎ (tam)
- Chenoua:
- Ghadames:
- Ghomara:
- Kabyle: tam
- Moroccan Amazigh:
- Nefusa:
- Tunisian Berber:
- Siwi:
- Tachawit:
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
- Tarifit:
- Tashelhit:
- Tayert:
- Tuareg: (see there for further descendants)
- Zenaga:
References
*~tiẓah/tuẓah (“nine”, Proto-Berber, Numeral)
Entry
- Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵜⵥⴰ (tẓa)
- Chenoua:
- Ghadames:
- Ghomara:
- Kabyle: tẓa
- Moroccan Amazigh:
- Nefusa:
- Tunisian Berber:
- Siwi:
- Tachawit:
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
- Tarifit:
- Tashelhit:
- Tayert:
- Tuareg: (see there for further descendants)
- Zenaga: tuḏ̣ah
References
*~maraw (“ten”, Proto-Berber, Numeral)
Entry
- Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵎⵔⴰⵡ (mraw)
- Chenoua:
- Ghadames:
- Ghomara:
- Kabyle: mraw
- Moroccan Amazigh:
- Nefusa:
- Tunisian Berber:
- Siwi:
- Tachawit:
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
- Tarifit:
- Tashelhit:
- Tayert:
- Tuareg: ⵎⵔⵓ (Tifinagh), meraw (Latin) (see there for further descendants)
- Zenaga:
References
*head (“person, man”, Proto-Berber, Noun)
Entry
- Central Atlas Tamazight:
- Chenoua:
- Ghadames:
- Ghomara:
- Kabyle:
- Moroccan Amazigh:
- Nefusa:
- Tunisian Berber:
- Siwi:
- Tachawit:
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
- Tarifit:
- Tashelhit:
- Tayert:
- Tetserret: afagan
- Tuareg: (see there for further descendants)
- Zenaga:
References
Models to fill (ber-pro)
*head (“meaning”, Proto-Berber, Class)
Entry
- Central Atlas Tamazight:
- Chenoua:
- Ghadames:
- Ghomara:
- Kabyle:
- Moroccan Amazigh:
- Nefusa:
- Tunisian Berber:
- Siwi:
- Tachawit:
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
- Tarifit:
- Tashelhit:
- Tayert:
- Tuareg: (see there for further descendants)
- Zenaga:
References
Descendants (ber-pro)
Family tree (ber-pro)
Family tree
- Proto-Berber (ber-pro)
- ├──── Awjila (auj)
- ├──── Central Atlas Tamazight (tzm)
- ├──── Chenoua (cnu)
- ├──── Fogaha (ber-fog)
- ├──── Ghadames (gha)
- ├──── Ghomara (gho)
- ├──── Guanche (gnc)
- ├──── Kabyle (kab)
- ├──── Moroccan Amazigh (zgh)
- ├──── Nefusa (jbn)
- ├──── Northern Saharan Berber (mzb)
- ├──── Senhaja De Srair (sjs)
- ├──── Siwi (siz)
- ├──── Sokna (swn)
- ├──── Tachawit (shy)
- ├──── Tarifit (rif)
- ├──── Tashelhit (shi)
- ├──── Tetserret (tez)
- ├──── Tuareg (tmh)
- ├──── Tunisian Berber (sds)
- ├──── Zenaga (zen)
- └──── Zuwara (ber-zuw)
Meanings (ber-pro)
Meanings
To do:
- Central Atlas Tamazight: (131)
- Chenoua: (see below)
- Ghadames: (see below)
- Ghomara: (see below)
- Kabyle: (163)
- Moroccan Amazigh: (78)
- Nefusa: (see below)
- Tunisian Berber: (see below)
- Siwi: (see below)
- Tachawit: (14)
- Tarifit: (76)
- Tashelhit: (26)
- Tayert:
- Tetserret:
- Tuareg: (18) (see there for further descendants)
- Tamasheq: (see below)
- Zenaga:
Done:
- (done) Awjila: imin (“water”)
- (done) Guanche: ade (“water”)
- (done) Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "jbe" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF. (nothing)
- (done) Senhaja De Srair: (nothing)
- (done) Sokna: aman (“water”)
- (done) Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
- (done) Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "grr" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
- (done) Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "tjo" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF. (nothing)
- (done) Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "tia" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF. (nothing)
- (done) Tamahaq: (nothing)
- (done) Tawellemmet: (nothing)
- (done) Northern Saharan Berber: (nothing)
Reconstructions (ber-pro)
Found reconstructions, no matter right or wrong
References (ber-pro)
Refs
General references:
Berber Latin alphabet on Wikipedia.Wikipedia {{R:Kossmann 2013}}:{{R:ber:Schuchardt-RLB}}- Schuchardt, Hugo (1918) Die romanischen Lehnwörter im Berberischen (Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie der Wissenschaften; 188, IVth treatise) (in German), Wien: In Kommission bei Alfred Hölder, page 1
- Général Léon Faidherbe, Le Zénaga des tribus sénégalaises (1877), page 1
- S. Biarnay, Etude sur le dialecte berbère de Ouargla, Ernest Leroux, Paris, 1908, page 1
- Maarten Kossmann, Berber subclassification (preliminary version), Leiden (2011)
- Sadiqi, Fatima. 1997. Grammaire du berbère. Paris and Montréal: Éditions l’Harmattan. →ISBN
- Blench, Roger (2018), Reconciling archaeological and linguistic evidence for Berber prehistory
- Inalco extended website, click on the map:
- Kossmann, M.G., Stroomer, H.J. (1997), "Berber Phonology", in Phonologies of Asia and Africa, 461 - 475
- Only the introduction is disponible, possibly the "Ahaggar" is Tamahaq (thv):
- Berber languages
- WOLD: Berber:
Proto-Berber references:
- ¿? (2000), Etudes berbères et chamito-sémitiques:
- Etudes berbères et chamito-sémitiques: mélanges offerts à Karl-G. Prasse (2000, →ISBN, page 1
- Starling:
- Proto-Berber kinship words
- Blench, Roger (2018), Reconciling archaeological and linguistic evidence for Berber prehistory
Language-specific references (ber-pro)
Refs
Central Atlas Tamazight (tzm)
- (done) Numeral Systems of the World's Languages:
- Incubator test wikis:
- (concert manually to Tifinagh and be careful) Central Atlas Tamazight grammar on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
- Conjugation table: ⵎⵎⴻⵜ (mmet) (should be moved to ⵎⵎⵜ (mmt))
- (reliable bc official, a dictionary and even more) Official website of the IRCAM (Institut Royal de la Culture AMazighe):
Ghadames (gha)
- (likely outdated) Calassanti Motylinski, A. de (1904) Le dialecte berbere de R’edamès, Paris: Leroux
- (not reliable, the book says it itself) Lanfry, J. (1973) Ghadamès: Etude linguistique et ethnographique. II, Glossaire (parler des Ayt Waziten), : Le fichier périodique
Ghomara (gho)
- (drawn from the below thesis) Ghomara language on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
- Mourigh, Khalid (2015) A grammar of Ghomara Berber (thesis), Leiden University
- (fully reliable, outside the transcription I not sure about) El Hannouche, Jamal (2008) Ghomara Berber: A Brief Grammatical Survey (thesis)
- (follows his 2008 thesis above) Jamal El Hannouche, Arabic influence in Ghomara Berber, 2010
Kabyle (kab)
Moroccan Amazigh (zgh)
- Wiktionary:Moroccan Amazigh transliteration
- Boukouss, Ahmed (2009) Phonologie de l'amazigh, Institut Royal de la Culture Amazigh, →ISBN, archived from the original on 2013-11-26, page 445
- Incubator test wikis:
Nefusa (jbn)
- (phonetic: unexploitable as such but useful once entries will be somehow created) Nefusa Swadesh list
Sened (sds)
- Lingua sendi on the Italian Wikipedia.Wikipedia it (possibly)
Siwi (siz)
- Siwi language on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
- (< Arabic, not native) Numeral Systems of the World's Languages:
- (inaccessible file) Siwi:
- The accent function on nouns in Siwi (2 pages only...):
- (file) Souag (2015) Development of dative agreement in Berber:
Tachawit (shy)
Tagargrent (oua)
- (reliable) S. Biarnay, 1908, Étude sur le dialecte berbère de Ouargla, Paris: Ernest Leroux
- (phonetic) Numeral Systems of the World's Languages:
- (apparently reliable) René Basset, 1893, Étude sur la Zenatia du Mzab, de Ouargla et de l'Oued-Rir', Paris: Ernest Leroux. (Comparative grammar of Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. (oua, Wargla), Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "tjo" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. (tjo, Oued Righ) and Northern Saharan Berber (mzb, Mozabite))
Tahaggart Tamahaq (thv)
Tamasheq (taq)
- (fully reliable, standard transcription) Heath, Jeffrey. (2005) A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali), Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN
- (drawn from the above grammar) Tamasheq language on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
- (find how to standardize the transcription) WOLD:
- (useless since the above grammar is simply better) Numeral Systems of the World's Languages:
Tarifit (rif)
- Maarten Kossmann. (2009). Tarifit vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (fully reliable, but written with Kossmann's personal transcription column 1, convert it using column 3 in "Description". Absent characters like <ɣ> mean they undergo no change through the 4 columns. To do: a regex to transcribe automatically)
- (< Arabic, excepted for 1 and 2 or just 1) Numeral Systems of the World's Languages:
- Incubator test wikis:
Tashelhit (shi)
- (reliable) Shilha language on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
- {{reliable, just need transcription for <ʃ>, <ˤ> and <ː>}} Numeral Systems of the World's Languages:
- Incubator test wikis:
Tawallammat-Tamajaq (ttq)
Temacine Tamazight (tjo)
- (apparently reliable) René Basset, 1893, Étude sur la Zenatia du Mzab, de Ouargla et de l'Oued-Rir', Paris: Ernest Leroux. (Comparative grammar of Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. (oua, Wargla), Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "tjo" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. (tjo, Oued Righ) and Northern Saharan Berber (mzb, Mozabite))
Tumzabt (mzb)
- (apparently reliable) René Basset, 1893, Étude sur la Zenatia du Mzab, de Ouargla et de l'Oued-Rir', Paris: Ernest Leroux. (Comparative grammar of Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "oua" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. (oua, Wargla), Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "tjo" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. (tjo, Oued Righ) and Northern Saharan Berber (mzb, Mozabite))
Zenaga (zen)
- (Apparently reliable, transcription from IPA given below) Numeral Systems of the World's Languages:
- (reliable, default transcription since Zenaga don't know Tifinagh, but possibly outdated (see modern Tifinagh writing systems)) Général Léon Faidherbe, Le Zénaga des tribus sénégalaises (1877), page 1
Proto-Masa
Useful categories (cdc-mas-pro)
Descendants (cdc-mas-pro)
Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
Descendants (cdc-mas-pro)
Family tree
- Proto-Masa (cdc-mas-pro)
- ├──── Herdé (hed)
- ├──── Marba (mpg)
- ├──── Masana (mcn)
- ├──── Mesme (zim)
- ├──── Musey (mse)
- ├──── Ngete (nnn)
- ├──── Pévé (lme)
- └──── Zumaya (zuy)
Tree to fill
- Herdé:
- Marba:
- Masana:
- Mesme:
- Musey:
- Ngete:
- Pévé:
- Zumaya:
References (cdc-mas-pro)
Language-specific references (cdc-mas-pro)
Refs
Herdé (hed)
Marba (mpg)
Masana (mcn)
Mesme (zim)
Musey (mse)
Pevé (lme)
Proto-Central Chadic (also called Biu-Mandara)
Useful categories (cdc-cbm-pro)
Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
Descendants (cdc-cbm-pro)
Family tree
- Proto-Central Chadic (cdc-cbm-pro)
- ├──── Afade (aal)
- ├──── Bacama (bcy)
- ├──── Baldemu (bdn)
- ├──── Bana (bcw)
- ├──── Bata (bta)
- ├──── Boga (bvw)
- ├──── Buduma (bdm)
- ├──── Bura (bwr)
- ├──── Buwal (bhs)
- ├──── Cibak (ckl)
- ├──── Cineni (cie)
- ├──── Cuvok (cuv)
- ├──── Daba (dbq)
- ├──── Dghwede (dgh)
- ├──── Dugwor (dme)
- ├──── Fali (fli)
- ├──── Ga'anda (gqa)
- ├──── Gavar (gou)
- ├──── Gidar (gid)
- ├──── Glavda (glw)
- ├──── Gude (gde)
- ├──── Gudu (gdu)
- ├──── Guduf-Gava (gdf)
- ├──── Gvoko (ngs)
- ├──── Hdi (xed)
- ├──── Holma (hod)
- ├──── Huba (hbb)
- ├──── Hwana (hwo)
- ├──── Hya (hya)
- ├──── Jimjimen (jim)
- ├──── Kamwe (hig)
- ├──── Kirya-Konzel (fkk)
- ├──── Kofa (kso)
- ├──── Lagwan (kot)
- ├──── Lamang (hia)
- ├──── Mada (Cameroon) (mxu)
- ├──── Mafa (maf)
- ├──── Majera (xmj)
- ├──── Margi (mrt)
- ├──── Matal (mfh)
- ├──── Mazagway (dkx)
- ├──── Mbara (Chad) (mpk)
- ├──── Mbudum (xmd)
- ├──── Mbuko (mqb)
- ├──── Mefele (mfj)
- ├──── Merey (meq)
- ├──── Mina (hna)
- ├──── Mofu-Gudur (mif)
- ├──── Moloko (mlw)
- ├──── Mpade (mpi)
- ├──── Mser (kqx)
- ├──── Musgu (mug)
- ├──── Muyang (muy)
- ├──── Nggwahyi (ngx)
- ├──── Ngwaba (ngw)
- ├──── North Giziga (gis)
- ├──── North Mofu (mfk)
- ├──── Nzanyi (nja)
- ├──── Podoko (pbi)
- ├──── Psikye (kvj)
- ├──── Sharwa (swq)
- ├──── South Giziga (giz)
- ├──── Sukur (syk)
- ├──── Tera (ttr)
- ├──── Tsuvan (tsh)
- ├──── Uldeme (udl)
- ├──── Wandala (mfi)
- ├──── Zizilivakan (ziz)
- └──── Zulgo-Gemzek (gnd)
Tree to fill
- Afade:
- Baldemu:
- Bana:
- Bata:
- Boga:
- Buduma:
- Bura:
- Buwal:
- Cibak:
- Cineni:
- Cuvok:
- Daba:
- Dghwede:
- Dugwor:
- Fali:
- Ga'anda:
- Gavar:
- Gidar:
- Glavda:
- Gude:
- Gudu:
- Guduf-Gava:
- Gvoko:
- Hdi:
- Huba:
- Hwana:
- Hya:
- Jimjimen:
- Kamwe:
- Kirya-Konzel:
- Kofa:
- Lagwan:
- Lamang:
- Mada (Cameroon):
- Margi:
- Matal:
- Mazagway:
- Mbara (Chad):
- Mbudum:
- Mbuko:
- Mefele:
- Merey:
- Mina:
- Mofu-Gudur:
- Moloko:
- Mpade:
- Mser:
- Musgu:
- Muyang:
- Nggwahyi:
- Ngwaba:
- North Giziga:
- Nzanyi:
- Podoko:
- Psikye:
- Sharwa:
- South Giziga:
- Sukur:
- Tera:
- Tsuvan:
- Uldeme:
- Wandala:
- Zizilivakan:
- Zulgo-Gemzek:
References (cdc-cbm-pro)
- Template:ref template name
- Stolbova, Olga (2006) Central Chadic etymological database
Language-specific references (cdc-cbm-pro)
Refs
Afade (aal)
Bana (bcw)
Boga (bvw)
Buduma (bdm)
Bura (bwr)
Buwal (bhs)
Cibak (ckl)
Cineni (cie)
Cuvok (cuv)
Daba (dbq)
Dghwede (dgh)
Dugwor (dme)
Fali (fli)
Ga'anda (gqa)
Gavar (gou)
Gidar (gid)
Glavda (glw)
Gude (gde)
Gudu (gdu)
Guduf-Gava (gdf)
Gvoko (ngs)
Hdi (xed)
Huba (hbb)
Hwana (hwo)
Hya (hya)
Jimjimen (jim)
Kamwe (hig)
Lagwan (kot)
Lamang (hia)
Mada (Cameroon) (mxu)
Margi (mrt)
- Numeral Systems of the World's Languages (Central Margi):
- Numeral Systems of the World's Languages (South Margi):
Matal (mfh)
Mbara (Chad) (mpk)
Mbudum (xmd)
Mbuko (mqb)
Mefele (mfj)
Merey (meq)
Mina (hna)
Mofu-Gudur (mif)
Moloko (mlw)
Mpade (mpi)
Musgu (mug)
Muyang (muy)
Nggwahyi (ngx)
North Giziga (gis)
Nzanyi (nja)
Psikye (kvj)
South Giziga (giz)
Sukur (syk)
Tera (ttr)
Wandala (mfi)
Zizilivakan (ziz)
Zulgo-Gemzek (gnd)
East Chadic (etymology only)
Useful categories (cdc-est)
Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
Descendants (cdc-est)
Family tree
- East Chadic (cdc-est)
- ├──── Barein (bva)
- ├──── Bidiyo (bid)
- ├──── Birgit (btf)
- ├──── Boor (bvf)
- ├──── Buso (bso)
- ├──── Dangaléat (daa)
- ├──── Gabri (gab)
- ├──── Gadang (gdk)
- ├──── Kabalai (kvf)
- ├──── Kajakse (ckq)
- ├──── Kera (ker)
- ├──── Kimré (kqp)
- ├──── Kwang (kvi)
- ├──── Lele (Chad) (lln)
- ├──── Mawa (mcw)
- ├──── Migaama (mmy)
- ├──── Mogum (mou)
- ├──── Mubi (mub)
- ├──── Mukulu (moz)
- ├──── Nancere (nnc)
- ├──── Ndam (ndm)
- ├──── Saba (saa)
- ├──── Sarua (swy)
- ├──── Sokoro (sok)
- ├──── Somrai (sor)
- ├──── Tamki (tax)
- ├──── Tobanga (tng)
- ├──── Toram (trj)
- ├──── Tumak (tmc)
- └──── Zirenkel (zrn)
Tree to fill
- Barein:
- Bidiyo:
- Birgit:
- Boor:
- Buso:
- Dangaléat:
- Gadang:
- Kabalai:
- Kajakse:
- Kera:
- Kimré:
- Kwang:
- Lele (Chad):
- Mawa:
- Migaama:
- Mogum:
- Mubi:
- Nancere:
- Ndam:
- Saba:
- Sarua:
- Sokoro:
- Somrai:
- Tobanga:
- Toram:
- Tumak:
- Zirenkel:
References (cdc-est)
- Template:ref template name
- Stolbova, Olga (2006) East Chadic etymological database
Language-specific references (cdc-est)
Refs
Barein (bva)
Bidiyo (bid)
Dangléat (daa)
Kera (ker)
Kimré (kqp)
Kwang (kvi)
Lele (Chad) (lln)
Mawa (mcw)
Migaama (mmy)
Mogum (mou)
Mubi (mub)
Nancere (nnc)
Sokoro (sok)
Somrai (sor)
Tumak (tmc)
West Chadic (etymology only)
Useful categories (cdc-wst)
- Appendix:Proto-Ron reconstructions (Only enlarges the Ron language)
- Category:West Chadic languages
Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
Descendants (cdc-wst)
Family tree
- West Chadic (cdc-wst)
- ├──── Ajawa (ajw)
- ├──── Auyokawa (auo)
- ├──── Bade (bde)
- ├──── Beele (bxq)
- ├──── Boghom (bux)
- ├──── Bole (bol)
- ├──── Bure (bvh)
- ├──── Cakfem-Mushere (cky)
- ├──── Ciwogai (tgd)
- ├──── Dass (dot)
- ├──── Deno (dbb)
- ├──── Diri (dwa)
- ├──── Duhwa (kbz)
- ├──── Duwai (dbp)
- ├──── Fyer (fie)
- ├──── Galambu (glo)
- ├──── Geji (gji)
- ├──── Gera (gew)
- ├──── Gerka (gek)
- ├──── Geruma (gea)
- ├──── Goemai (ank)
- ├──── Guruntum (grd)
- ├──── Gwandara (gwn)
- ├───┬ Hausa (ha)
- │ ├──── Barikanchi (bxo)
- │ └──── Gibanawa (gib)
- ├──── Jimi (jmi)
- ├──── Kanakuru (kna)
- ├──── Karekare (kai)
- ├──── Kariya (kil)
- ├──── Kholok (ktc)
- ├──── Kir-Balar (kkr)
- ├──── Kirfi (kks)
- ├──── Koenoem (kcs)
- ├──── Kofyar (kwl)
- ├──── Kubi (kof)
- ├──── Kulere (kul)
- ├──── Kushi (kuh)
- ├──── Kutto (kpa)
- ├──── Kwaami (ksq)
- ├──── Luri (Nigeria) (ldd)
- ├──── Maaka (mew)
- ├──── Mangas (zns)
- ├──── Mburku (bbt)
- ├──── Miship (mjs)
- ├──── Miya (mkf)
- ├──── Montol (mtl)
- ├──── Mundat (mmf)
- ├──── Mwaghavul (sur)
- ├──── Ngamo (nbh)
- ├──── Ngas (anc)
- ├──── Ngizim (ngi)
- ├──── Nyam (nmi)
- ├──── Pa'a (pqa)
- ├──── Pero (pip)
- ├──── Ron (cla)
- ├──── Saya (say)
- ├──── Sha (scw)
- ├──── Siri (sir)
- ├──── Tal (tal)
- ├──── Tala (tak)
- ├──── Tambas (tdk)
- ├──── Tangale (tan)
- ├──── Warji (wji)
- ├──── Zangwal (zah)
- ├──── Zari (zaz)
- ├──── Zeem (zua)
- └──── Zumbun (jmb)
Tree to fill
- Ajawa:
- Auyokawa:
- Bade:
- Beele:
- Boghom:
- Bole:
- Cakfem-Mushere:
- Ciwogai:
- Dass:
- Diri:
- Duhwa:
- Duwai:
- Fyer:
- Galambu:
- Geji:
- Gera:
- Gerka:
- Geruma:
- Goemai:
- Guruntum:
- Gwandara:
- Hausa: (see there for further descendants)
- Jimi:
- Karekare:
- Kariya:
- Kholok:
- Kir-Balar:
- Kirfi:
- Koenoem:
- Kofyar:
- Kulere:
- Kushi:
- Kutto:
- Kwaami:
- Luri (Nigeria):
- Maaka:
- Mangas:
- Mburku:
- Miship:
- Miya:
- Montol:
- Mundat:
- Mwaghavul:
- Ngamo:
- Ngas:
- Ngizim:
- Nyam:
- Pa'a:
- Pero:
- Ron:
- Saya:
- Sha:
- Siri:
- Tal:
- Tala:
- Tambas:
- Tangale:
- Zangwal:
- Zari:
- Zumbun:
References (cdc-wst)
- Template:ref template name
- WOLD: Proto-West Chadic:
- Stolbova, Olga (2006) West Chadic etymological database
Language-specific references (cdc-wst)
Refs
Bade (bde)
Beele (bxq)
Boghom (bux)
Bole (bol)
Dass (dot)
Diri (dwa)
Duwai (dbp)
Galambu (glo)
Geji (gji)
Gera (gew)
Geruma (gea)
Goemai (ank)
Guruntum (grd)
Gwandara (gwn)
Hausa (ha)
- Numeral Systems of the World's Languages:
{{R:ha:Newman 2007}}{{R:WOLD|ha|4|Ari Awagana and H. Ekkehard Wolff with Doris Löhr|2009}}
Jimi (jmi)
Karekare (kai)
Kholok (ktc)
Kofyar (kwl)
Kushi (kuh)
Kutto (kpa)
Kwaami (ksq)
Maaka (mew)
Mangas (zns)
Miship (mjs)
Miya (mkf)
Mwaghavul (sur)
Ngamo (nbh)
Ngas (anc)
Ngizim (ngi)
Nyam (nmi)
Pero (pip)
Ron (cla)
Saya (say)
Tangale (tan)
Zangwal (zah)
Proto-Chadic
Useful categories (cdc-pro)
Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
Descendants (cdc-pro)
Family tree
- Proto-Chadic (cdc-pro)
- ├───┬ Proto-Central Chadic (cdc-cbm-pro)
- │ ├──── Afade (aal)
- │ ├──── Bacama (bcy)
- │ ├──── Baldemu (bdn)
- │ ├──── Bana (bcw)
- │ ├──── Bata (bta)
- │ ├──── Boga (bvw)
- │ ├──── Buduma (bdm)
- │ ├──── Bura (bwr)
- │ ├──── Buwal (bhs)
- │ ├──── Cibak (ckl)
- │ ├──── Cineni (cie)
- │ ├──── Cuvok (cuv)
- │ ├──── Daba (dbq)
- │ ├──── Dghwede (dgh)
- │ ├──── Dugwor (dme)
- │ ├──── Fali (fli)
- │ ├──── Ga'anda (gqa)
- │ ├──── Gavar (gou)
- │ ├──── Gidar (gid)
- │ ├──── Glavda (glw)
- │ ├──── Gude (gde)
- │ ├──── Gudu (gdu)
- │ ├──── Guduf-Gava (gdf)
- │ ├──── Gvoko (ngs)
- │ ├──── Hdi (xed)
- │ ├──── Holma (hod)
- │ ├──── Huba (hbb)
- │ ├──── Hwana (hwo)
- │ ├──── Hya (hya)
- │ ├──── Jimjimen (jim)
- │ ├──── Kamwe (hig)
- │ ├──── Kirya-Konzel (fkk)
- │ ├──── Kofa (kso)
- │ ├──── Lagwan (kot)
- │ ├──── Lamang (hia)
- │ ├──── Mada (Cameroon) (mxu)
- │ ├──── Mafa (maf)
- │ ├──── Majera (xmj)
- │ ├──── Margi (mrt)
- │ ├──── Matal (mfh)
- │ ├──── Mazagway (dkx)
- │ ├──── Mbara (Chad) (mpk)
- │ ├──── Mbudum (xmd)
- │ ├──── Mbuko (mqb)
- │ ├──── Mefele (mfj)
- │ ├──── Merey (meq)
- │ ├──── Mina (hna)
- │ ├──── Mofu-Gudur (mif)
- │ ├──── Moloko (mlw)
- │ ├──── Mpade (mpi)
- │ ├──── Mser (kqx)
- │ ├──── Musgu (mug)
- │ ├──── Muyang (muy)
- │ ├──── Nggwahyi (ngx)
- │ ├──── Ngwaba (ngw)
- │ ├──── North Giziga (gis)
- │ ├──── North Mofu (mfk)
- │ ├──── Nzanyi (nja)
- │ ├──── Podoko (pbi)
- │ ├──── Psikye (kvj)
- │ ├──── Sharwa (swq)
- │ ├──── South Giziga (giz)
- │ ├──── Sukur (syk)
- │ ├──── Tera (ttr)
- │ ├──── Tsuvan (tsh)
- │ ├──── Uldeme (udl)
- │ ├──── Wandala (mfi)
- │ ├──── Zizilivakan (ziz)
- │ └──── Zulgo-Gemzek (gnd)
- ├───┬ East Chadic (cdc-est)
- │ ├──── Barein (bva)
- │ ├──── Bidiyo (bid)
- │ ├──── Birgit (btf)
- │ ├──── Boor (bvf)
- │ ├──── Buso (bso)
- │ ├──── Dangaléat (daa)
- │ ├──── Gabri (gab)
- │ ├──── Gadang (gdk)
- │ ├──── Kabalai (kvf)
- │ ├──── Kajakse (ckq)
- │ ├──── Kera (ker)
- │ ├──── Kimré (kqp)
- │ ├──── Kwang (kvi)
- │ ├──── Lele (Chad) (lln)
- │ ├──── Mawa (mcw)
- │ ├──── Migaama (mmy)
- │ ├──── Mogum (mou)
- │ ├──── Mubi (mub)
- │ ├──── Mukulu (moz)
- │ ├──── Nancere (nnc)
- │ ├──── Ndam (ndm)
- │ ├──── Saba (saa)
- │ ├──── Sarua (swy)
- │ ├──── Sokoro (sok)
- │ ├──── Somrai (sor)
- │ ├──── Tamki (tax)
- │ ├──── Tobanga (tng)
- │ ├──── Toram (trj)
- │ ├──── Tumak (tmc)
- │ └──── Zirenkel (zrn)
- ├──── Jara (jaf)
- ├───┬ Proto-Masa (cdc-mas-pro)
- │ ├──── Herdé (hed)
- │ ├──── Marba (mpg)
- │ ├──── Masana (mcn)
- │ ├──── Mesme (zim)
- │ ├──── Musey (mse)
- │ ├──── Ngete (nnn)
- │ ├──── Pévé (lme)
- │ └──── Zumaya (zuy)
- └───┬ West Chadic (cdc-wst)
- ├──── Ajawa (ajw)
- ├──── Auyokawa (auo)
- ├──── Bade (bde)
- ├──── Beele (bxq)
- ├──── Boghom (bux)
- ├──── Bole (bol)
- ├──── Bure (bvh)
- ├──── Cakfem-Mushere (cky)
- ├──── Ciwogai (tgd)
- ├──── Dass (dot)
- ├──── Deno (dbb)
- ├──── Diri (dwa)
- ├──── Duhwa (kbz)
- ├──── Duwai (dbp)
- ├──── Fyer (fie)
- ├──── Galambu (glo)
- ├──── Geji (gji)
- ├──── Gera (gew)
- ├──── Gerka (gek)
- ├──── Geruma (gea)
- ├──── Goemai (ank)
- ├──── Guruntum (grd)
- ├──── Gwandara (gwn)
- ├───┬ Hausa (ha)
- │ ├──── Barikanchi (bxo)
- │ └──── Gibanawa (gib)
- ├──── Jimi (jmi)
- ├──── Kanakuru (kna)
- ├──── Karekare (kai)
- ├──── Kariya (kil)
- ├──── Kholok (ktc)
- ├──── Kir-Balar (kkr)
- ├──── Kirfi (kks)
- ├──── Koenoem (kcs)
- ├──── Kofyar (kwl)
- ├──── Kubi (kof)
- ├──── Kulere (kul)
- ├──── Kushi (kuh)
- ├──── Kutto (kpa)
- ├──── Kwaami (ksq)
- ├──── Luri (Nigeria) (ldd)
- ├──── Maaka (mew)
- ├──── Mangas (zns)
- ├──── Mburku (bbt)
- ├──── Miship (mjs)
- ├──── Miya (mkf)
- ├──── Montol (mtl)
- ├──── Mundat (mmf)
- ├──── Mwaghavul (sur)
- ├──── Ngamo (nbh)
- ├──── Ngas (anc)
- ├──── Ngizim (ngi)
- ├──── Nyam (nmi)
- ├──── Pa'a (pqa)
- ├──── Pero (pip)
- ├──── Ron (cla)
- ├──── Saya (say)
- ├──── Sha (scw)
- ├──── Siri (sir)
- ├──── Tal (tal)
- ├──── Tala (tak)
- ├──── Tambas (tdk)
- ├──── Tangale (tan)
- ├──── Warji (wji)
- ├──── Zangwal (zah)
- ├──── Zari (zaz)
- ├──── Zeem (zua)
- └──── Zumbun (jmb)
- ├───┬ Proto-Central Chadic (cdc-cbm-pro)
Tree to fill
- Bacama:
- Bure:
- Proto-Central Chadic: (see there for further descendants)
- Deno:
- East Chadic:
- Barein:
- Bidiyo:
- Birgit:
- Boor:
- Buso:
- Dangaléat:
- Gadang:
- Kabalai:
- Kajakse:
- Kera:
- Kimré:
- Kwang:
- Lele (Chad):
- Mawa:
- Migaama:
- Mogum:
- Mubi:
- Nancere:
- Ndam:
- Saba:
- Sarua:
- Sokoro:
- Somrai:
- Tobanga:
- Toram:
- Tumak:
- Zirenkel:
- Gabri:
- Holma:
- Jara:
- Kanakuru:
- Kubi:
- Majera:
- Proto-Masa: (see there for further descendants)
- Tamki:
- West Chadic:
- Ajawa:
- Auyokawa:
- Bade:
- Beele:
- Boghom:
- Bole:
- Cakfem-Mushere:
- Ciwogai:
- Dass:
- Diri:
- Duhwa:
- Duwai:
- Fyer:
- Galambu:
- Geji:
- Gera:
- Gerka:
- Geruma:
- Goemai:
- Guruntum:
- Gwandara:
- Hausa: (see there for further descendants)
- Jimi:
- Karekare:
- Kariya:
- Kholok:
- Kir-Balar:
- Kirfi:
- Koenoem:
- Kofyar:
- Kulere:
- Kushi:
- Kutto:
- Kwaami:
- Luri (Nigeria):
- Maaka:
- Mangas:
- Mburku:
- Miship:
- Miya:
- Montol:
- Mundat:
- Mwaghavul:
- Ngamo:
- Ngas:
- Ngizim:
- Nyam:
- Pa'a:
- Pero:
- Ron:
- Saya:
- Sha:
- Siri:
- Tal:
- Tala:
- Tambas:
- Tangale:
- Zangwal:
- Zari:
- Zumbun:
- Zeem:
References (cdc-pro)
Refs
- Template:ref template name
{{R:Newman 1977}}- WOLD:
Language-specific references (cdc-pro)
Refs
Bacama (bcy)
Bure (bvh)
Gabri (gab)
To standardize, sort and put in the sections of the right Chadic branches
- An Overview of Gemzek Narrative Discourse Features
- Topics in Mofu-Gudur (SIL)
- Richard Gravina (compiler); Alan Boydell, Elie Doumok (facilitators), Merey lexicon (2003, SIL)
- ASJP
- Olga Stolbova, Chadic Lexical Database, issue II (2007): yam "water"
- Mélanie Viljoen, Michael Viljoen, Pascal Konai, François Mbouvai, Ernest Koyang, Benjamin Deli, Précis d’orthographe pour la langue buwal - Édition préliminaire (2009, Yaoundé, SIL Cameroun)
- Klaus and Charlotte Wedekind, Abuzeinab Musa, Beja Pedagogical Grammar (2005)
- Eric Johnson, Calvain Mbernodji, Enquête sociolinguistique de la langue Moubi du Tchad, SIL Electronic Survey Reports (2006), page 24
- S. Allison, Makary Kotoko Provisional Lexicon (SIL)
- Zygmunt Frajzyngier, Erin Shay, A Grammar of Hdi (2002, →ISBN
- Marti Giger, Ruth Lienhard, Bana Provisional Lexicon (SIL Cameroon, 2003)
- Roger Blench, Baka: A Highly Endangered Language of Northern Cameroun, 2009, page 5
- William Kinnaird, Timothée Oumaté, Dictionnaire ouldémé-français, SIL Cameroon, 2002, page 147
- Allahverdi Verdizade's Proto-Chadic reconstructions:
- Allahverdi Verdizade's Chadic Swadesh list:
Proto-Cushitic
Useful categories (cus-pro)
- Appendix:List of Proto-Cushitic reconstructions
- Appendix:Proto-Agaw reconstructions
- Category:Proto-Cushitic language
Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
Descendants (cus-pro)
Family tree
- Proto-Cushitic (cus-pro)
- ├──── Beja (bej)
- ├───┬ Central Cushitic (cus-cen)
- │ ├──── Awngi (awn)
- │ ├──── Blin (byn)
- │ ├──── Qimant (ahg)
- │ └──── Xamtanga (xan)
- ├──── Dahalo (dal)
- ├───┬ East Cushitic (cus-eas)
- │ ├──── Afar (aa)
- │ ├──── Arbore (arv)
- │ ├──── Boon (bnl)
- │ ├──── Bussa (dox)
- │ ├──── Daasanach (dsh)
- │ ├──── Dirasha (gdl)
- │ ├──── El Molo (elo)
- │ ├──── Gawwada (gwd)
- │ ├───┬ Proto-Highland East Cushitic (cus-hec-pro)
- │ │ ├──── Alaba (alw)
- │ │ ├──── Burji (bji)
- │ │ ├──── Gedeo (drs)
- │ │ ├──── Hadiyya (hdy)
- │ │ ├──── Kambaata (ktb)
- │ │ ├──── Libido (liq)
- │ │ └──── Sidamo (sid)
- │ ├──── Khonso (kxc)
- │ ├──── Oromo (om)
- │ ├──── Saho (ssy)
- │ ├───┬ Proto-Somaloid (cus-som-pro)
- │ │ ├──── Ashraaf (cus-ash)
- │ │ ├──── Aweer (bob)
- │ │ ├──── Baiso (bsw)
- │ │ ├──── Dabarre (dbr)
- │ │ ├──── Garre (gex)
- │ │ ├──── Girirra (gii)
- │ │ ├──── Jiiddu (jii)
- │ │ ├──── Maay (ymm)
- │ │ ├──── Rendille (rel)
- │ │ ├──── Somali (so)
- │ │ └──── Tunni (tqq)
- │ ├──── Tsamai (tsb)
- │ └──── Yaaku (muu)
- └───┬ Proto-South Cushitic (cus-sou-pro)
- ├──── Aasax (aas)
- ├──── Alagwa (wbj)
- ├──── Burunge (bds)
- ├──── Gorowa (gow)
- ├──── Iraqw (irk)
- └──── Kw'adza (wka)
Tree to fill
- Aasax:
- Afar:
- Alaba:
- Alagwa:
- Arbore:
- Ashraaf:
- Aweer:
- Awngi:
- Baiso:
- Beja:
- Blin:
- Boon:
- Burji:
- Burunge:
- Bussa:
- Daasanach:
- Dabarre:
- Dahalo:
- Dirasha:
- El Molo:
- Garre:
- Gawwada:
- Gedeo:
- Gorowa:
- Hadiyya:
- Iraqw:
- Jiiddu:
- Kambaata:
- Khonso:
- Kw'adza:
- Libido:
- Maay:
- Ongota:
- Oromo:
- Qimant:
- Rendille:
- Saho:
- Sidamo:
- Somali:
- Tsamai:
- Tunni:
- Waata:
- Xamtanga:
- Yaaku:
References (cus-pro)
Refs
- Template:ref template name
- Starling:
- Beja: Militarev, Alexander (2005) Bedauye (Beja) etymological database
- Central Cushitic (Agaw): Militarev, Alexander (2005) Central Cushitic (Agaw) etymological database
- East Cushitic:
- South Cushitic: Militarev, Alexander (2005) South Cushitic etymological database
Language-specific references (cus-pro)
Refs
South Cushitic
Afar (aa)
Alaba (alw)
Alagwa (wbj)
Arbore (arv)
Awngi (awn)
Baiso (bsw)
Beja (bej)
Blin (byn)
Boon (bnl)
Burji (bji)
Burunge (bds)
Bussa (dox)
Daasanach (dsh)
Dahalo (dal)
Dirasha (gdl)
El Molo (elo)
Garre (gex)
Gawwada (gwd)
- Numeral Systems of the World's Languages:
{{R:WOLD|gwd|3|Mauro Tosco|2009}}
Gedeo (drs)
Gorowa (gow)
Hadiyya (hdy)
Iraqw (irk)
- Numeral Systems of the World's Languages:
{{R:WOLD|irk|2|Maarten Mous|2009}}
Kambaata (ktb)
Khonso (kxc)
Libido (liq)
Ongota (bxe)
Oromo (om)
- Numeral Systems of the World's Languages (West Central Oromo):
- Numeral Systems of the World's Languages (Orma):
- WOLD:
Qimant (ahg)
Rendille (rel)
Saho (ssy)
Sidamo (sid)
Somali (so)
Tsamai (tsb)
Tunni (tqq)
Xamtanga (xan)
Egyptian
Useful categories (egy)
a noun here
References (egy)
Refs
- Template:ref template name
- WOLD:
- Militarev, Alexander (2005) Egyptian etymological database
Proto-Aroid
Useful categories (omv-aro-pro)
Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
Descendants (omv-aro-pro)
Family tree
- Proto-Aroid (omv-aro-pro)
- ├──── Aari (aiw)
- ├──── Dime (dim)
- ├──── Gayil (gyl)
- ├──── Hamer-Banna (amf)
- └──── Karo (kxh)
Tree to fill
- Aari:
- Dime:
- Gayil:
- Hamer-Banna:
- Karo:
References (omv-aro-pro)
Language-specific references (omv-aro-pro)
Refs
Proto-Dizoid
Useful categories (omv-diz-pro)
- Appendix:Proto-Maji reconstructions
- Appendix:List of Proto-Dizoid reconstructions
- Category:Proto-Dizoid language
Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
Descendants (omv-diz-pro)
Family tree
- Proto-Dizoid (omv-diz-pro)
- ├──── Dizin (mdx)
- ├──── Nayi (noz)
- └──── Sheko (she)
Tree to fill
- Dizin:
- Nayi:
- Sheko:
References (omv-diz-pro)
- Template:ref template name
- ¿? (2017) Annotated Swadesh wordlists for the Dizoid group (Omotic family):
Language-specific references (omv-diz-pro)
Refs
Proto-Gonga (etymology only)
Useful categories (omv-gon)
Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
Descendants (omv-gon)
Family tree
- Gonga (omv-gon)
- ├──── Anfillo (myo)
- ├──── Kafa (kbr)
- ├──── Shekkacho (moy)
- └──── Shinasha (bwo)
Tree to fill
- Anfillo:
- Kafa:
- Shekkacho:
- Shinasha:
References (omv-gon)
Language-specific references (omv-gon)
Refs
Proto-Mao (etymology only)
Useful categories (omv-mao)
Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
Descendants (omv-mao)
Family tree
- Mao (omv-mao)
- ├──── Bambassi (myf)
- ├──── Ganza (gza)
- ├──── Hozo (hoz)
- └──── Seze (sze)
Tree to fill
- Bambassi:
- Ganza:
- Hozo:
- Seze:
References (omv-mao)
Language-specific references (omv-mao)
Refs
Proto-East Ometo (etymology only)
Useful categories (omv-eom)
Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
Descendants (omv-eom)
Family tree
- East Ometo (omv-eom)
- ├──── Kachama-Ganjule (kcx)
- ├──── Koorete (kqy)
- └──── Zayse-Zergulla (zay)
Tree to fill
- Kachama-Ganjule:
- Koorete:
- Zayse-Zergulla:
References (omv-eom)
Language-specific references (omv-eom)
Refs
Proto-North Ometo (etymology only)
Useful categories (omv-nom)
Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
Descendants (omv-nom)
Family tree
- North Ometo (omv-nom)
- ├──── Dawro (dwr)
- ├──── Dorze (doz)
- ├──── Gamo (gmv)
- ├──── Gofa (gof)
- ├──── Melo (mfx)
- ├──── Oyda (oyd)
- └──── Wolaytta (wal)
Tree to fill
- Dawro:
- Dorze:
- Gamo:
- Gofa:
- Melo:
- Oyda:
- Wolaytta:
References (omv-nom)
Language-specific references (omv-nom)
Proto-Ometo (etymology only)
Useful categories (omv-ome)
Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
Descendants (omv-ome)
Family tree
- Ometo (omv-ome)
- ├──── Basketo (bst)
- ├───┬ East Ometo (omv-eom)
- │ ├──── Kachama-Ganjule (kcx)
- │ ├──── Koorete (kqy)
- │ └──── Zayse-Zergulla (zay)
- ├──── Maale (mdy)
- └───┬ North Ometo (omv-nom)
- ├──── Dawro (dwr)
- ├──── Dorze (doz)
- ├──── Gamo (gmv)
- ├──── Gofa (gof)
- ├──── Melo (mfx)
- ├──── Oyda (oyd)
- └──── Wolaytta (wal)
Tree to fill
- Basketo:
- East Ometo:
- Kachama-Ganjule:
- Koorete:
- Zayse-Zergulla:
- Maale:
- North Ometo:
- Dawro:
- Dorze:
- Gamo:
- Gofa:
- Melo:
- Oyda:
- Wolaytta:
References (omv-ome)
Language-specific references (omv-ome)
Refs
Proto-Omotic
Useful categories (omv-pro)
Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
Descendants (omv-pro)
Family tree
- Proto-Omotic (omv-pro)
- ├───┬ Proto-Aroid (omv-aro-pro)
- │ ├──── Aari (aiw)
- │ ├──── Dime (dim)
- │ ├──── Gayil (gyl)
- │ ├──── Hamer-Banna (amf)
- │ └──── Karo (kxh)
- ├──── Bench (bcq)
- ├──── Chara (cra)
- ├───┬ Proto-Dizoid (omv-diz-pro)
- │ ├──── Dizin (mdx)
- │ ├──── Nayi (noz)
- │ └──── Sheko (she)
- ├───┬ Gonga (omv-gon)
- │ ├──── Anfillo (myo)
- │ ├──── Kafa (kbr)
- │ ├──── Shekkacho (moy)
- │ └──── Shinasha (bwo)
- ├───┬ Mao (omv-mao)
- │ ├──── Bambassi (myf)
- │ ├──── Ganza (gza)
- │ ├──── Hozo (hoz)
- │ └──── Seze (sze)
- ├───┬ Ometo (omv-ome)
- │ ├──── Basketo (bst)
- │ ├───┬ East Ometo (omv-eom)
- │ │ ├──── Kachama-Ganjule (kcx)
- │ │ ├──── Koorete (kqy)
- │ │ └──── Zayse-Zergulla (zay)
- │ ├──── Maale (mdy)
- │ └───┬ North Ometo (omv-nom)
- │ ├──── Dawro (dwr)
- │ ├──── Dorze (doz)
- │ ├──── Gamo (gmv)
- │ ├──── Gofa (gof)
- │ ├──── Melo (mfx)
- │ ├──── Oyda (oyd)
- │ └──── Wolaytta (wal)
- └──── Yemsa (jnj)
- ├───┬ Proto-Aroid (omv-aro-pro)
Tree to fill
- Proto-Aroid: (see there for further descendants)
- Bench:
- Chara:
- Proto-Dizoid: (see there for further descendants)
- Gonga:
- Anfillo:
- Kafa:
- Shekkacho:
- Shinasha:
- Mao:
- Bambassi:
- Ganza:
- Hozo:
- Seze:
- Ometo:
- Basketo:
- East Ometo:
- Kachama-Ganjule:
- Koorete:
- Zayse-Zergulla:
- Maale:
- North Ometo:
- Dawro:
- Dorze:
- Gamo:
- Gofa:
- Melo:
- Oyda:
- Wolaytta:
- Yemsa:
References (omv-pro)
- Template:ref template name
- A book of Omotic Studies:
- Militarev, Alexander (2005) Omotic etymological database
Language-specific references (omv-pro)
Refs
Proto-Semitic
Useful categories (sem-pro)
- Appendix:Proto-Semitic stems
- Appendix:List of Proto-Semitic reconstructions
- Category:Proto-Semitic language
Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
Descendants (sem-pro)
Family tree
- Proto-Semitic (sem-pro)
- ├───┬ East Semitic (sem-eas)
- │ ├──── Akkadian (akk)
- │ └──── Eblaite (xeb)
- └───┬ Proto-West Semitic (sem-wes-pro)
- ├───┬ Central Semitic (sem-cen)
- │ ├──── Ancient North Arabian (xna)
- │ ├───┬ Arabic (ar)
- │ │ ├──── Algerian Arabic (arq)
- │ │ ├──── Andalusian Arabic (xaa)
- │ │ ├──── Baharna Arabic (abv)
- │ │ ├──── Chadian Arabic (shu)
- │ │ ├──── Dhofari Arabic (adf)
- │ │ ├──── Egyptian Arabic (arz)
- │ │ ├──── Gulf Arabic (afb)
- │ │ ├──── Hassaniya Arabic (mey)
- │ │ ├──── Hijazi Arabic (acw)
- │ │ ├───┬ Iraqi Arabic (acm)
- │ │ │ ├──── Cypriot Arabic (acy)
- │ │ │ └──── North Mesopotamian Arabic (ayp)
- │ │ ├──── Libyan Arabic (ayl)
- │ │ ├──── Moroccan Arabic (ary)
- │ │ ├──── Najdi Arabic (ars)
- │ │ ├──── North Levantine Arabic (apc)
- │ │ ├──── Omani Arabic (acx)
- │ │ ├──── Shihhi Arabic (ssh)
- │ │ ├───┬ Siculo-Arabic (sqr)
- │ │ │ └──── Maltese (mt)
- │ │ ├──── South Levantine Arabic (ajp)
- │ │ ├───┬ Sudanese Arabic (apd)
- │ │ │ ├──── Juba Arabic (pga)
- │ │ │ └──── Nubi (kcn)
- │ │ ├──── Tajiki Arabic (abh)
- │ │ ├──── Tunisian Arabic (aeb)
- │ │ ├──── Uzbeki Arabic (auz)
- │ │ └──── Yemeni Arabic (ayn)
- │ ├──── Dadanitic (sem-dad)
- │ ├──── Dumaitic (sem-dum)
- │ ├──── Hasaitic (sem-has)
- │ ├──── Hismaic (sem-his)
- │ ├───┬ Northwest Semitic (sem-nwe)
- │ │ ├──── Amorite (sem-amo)
- │ │ ├───┬ Aramaic (arc)
- │ │ │ ├───┬ Eastern Aramaic (sem-are)
- │ │ │ │ ├───┬ Central Neo-Aramaic (sem-cna)
- │ │ │ │ │ ├──── Mlahsö (lhs)
- │ │ │ │ │ └──── Turoyo (tru)
- │ │ │ │ ├──── Chaldean Neo-Aramaic (cld)
- │ │ │ │ ├──── Classical Syriac (syc)
- │ │ │ │ ├───┬ Northeastern Neo-Aramaic (sem-nna)
- │ │ │ │ │ ├──── Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (aii)
- │ │ │ │ │ ├──── Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic (bjf)
- │ │ │ │ │ ├──── Bohtan Neo-Aramaic (bhn)
- │ │ │ │ │ ├──── Hulaulá (huy)
- │ │ │ │ │ ├──── Hértevin (hrt)
- │ │ │ │ │ ├──── Koy Sanjaq Surat (kqd)
- │ │ │ │ │ ├──── Lishana Deni (lsd)
- │ │ │ │ │ ├──── Lishanid Noshan (aij)
- │ │ │ │ │ ├──── Lishán Didán (trg)
- │ │ │ │ │ └──── Senaya (syn)
- │ │ │ │ └───┬ Southeastern Aramaic (sem-ase)
- │ │ │ │ └───┬ Classical Mandaic (myz)
- │ │ │ │ └──── Mandaic (mid)
- │ │ │ │ └───┬ Classical Mandaic (myz)
- │ │ │ │ ├───┬ Central Neo-Aramaic (sem-cna)
- │ │ │ └───┬ Western Aramaic (sem-arw)
- │ │ │ ├──── Samaritan Aramaic (sam)
- │ │ │ └──── Western Neo-Aramaic (amw)
- │ │ │ ├───┬ Eastern Aramaic (sem-are)
- │ │ ├───┬ Canaanite (sem-can)
- │ │ │ ├──── Ammonite (sem-amm)
- │ │ │ ├───┬ Biblical Hebrew (hbo)
- │ │ │ │ └───┬ Mishnaic Hebrew (he-mis)
- │ │ │ │ └───┬ Medieval Hebrew (he-med)
- │ │ │ │ └──── Hebrew (he)
- │ │ │ │ └───┬ Medieval Hebrew (he-med)
- │ │ │ │ └───┬ Mishnaic Hebrew (he-mis)
- │ │ │ ├──── Edomite (xdm)
- │ │ │ ├──── Moabite (obm)
- │ │ │ ├───┬ Phoenician (phn)
- │ │ │ │ └──── Punic (xpu)
- │ │ │ └──── Samaritan Hebrew (smp)
- │ │ └──── Ugaritic (uga)
- │ ├───┬ Old South Arabian (sem-osa)
- │ │ ├──── Hadrami (xhd)
- │ │ ├──── Minaean (inm)
- │ │ ├───┬ Old South Arabian (sem-srb)
- │ │ │ └──── Razihi (rzh)
- │ │ ├──── Qatabanian (xqt)
- │ │ └──── Sabaean (xsa)
- │ ├──── Safaitic (sem-saf)
- │ ├──── Taymanitic (sem-tay)
- │ └──── Thamudic (sem-tha)
- ├───┬ Ethiopian Semitic (sem-eth)
- │ ├──── Amharic (am)
- │ ├──── Argobba (agj)
- │ ├──── Chaha (sem-cha)
- │ ├──── Dahalik (dlk)
- │ ├──── Gafat (gft)
- │ ├──── Ge'ez (gez)
- │ ├──── Harari (har)
- │ ├──── Inor (ior)
- │ ├──── Kistane (gru)
- │ ├──── Mesmes (mys)
- │ ├──── Mesqan (mvz)
- │ ├──── Muher (sem-mhr)
- │ ├──── Sebat Bet Gurage (sgw)
- │ ├──── Silt'e (stv)
- │ ├──── Tigre (tig)
- │ ├──── Tigrinya (ti)
- │ ├──── Wolane (wle)
- │ └──── Zay (zwa)
- └───┬ Modern South Arabian (sem-sar)
- ├──── Bathari (bhm)
- ├──── Harsusi (hss)
- ├──── Hobyót (hoh)
- ├──── Mehri (gdq)
- ├──── Shehri (shv)
- └──── Soqotri (sqt)
- ├───┬ Central Semitic (sem-cen)
- ├───┬ East Semitic (sem-eas)
Tree to fill
- Ancient North Arabian:
- Chaha:
- East Semitic:
- Akkadian:
- Eblaite:
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "sem-him" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.
- Shehri:
- West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
- Arabic: (see there for further descendants)
- Dadanitic:
- Dumaitic:
- Hasaitic:
- Hismaic:
- Northwest Semitic:
- Amorite:
- Aramaic: (see there for further descendants)
- Canaanite:
- Ammonite:
- Edomite:
- Hebrew:
- Moabite:
- Phoenician: (see there for further descendants)
- Samaritan Hebrew:
- Ugaritic:
- Old South Arabian:
- Minaean:
- Old South Arabian: (see there for further descendants)
- Qatabanian:
- Sabaean:
- Safaitic:
- Taymanitic:
- Thamudic:
- South Semitic:
- Ethiopian Semitic:
- Amharic:
- Argobba:
- Dahalik:
- Gafat:
- Ge'ez:
- Harari:
- Inor:
- Kistane:
- Mesmes:
- Mesqan:
- Muher:
- Sebat Bet Gurage:
- Silt'e:
- Tigre:
- Tigrinya:
- Wolane:
- Zay:
- South Arabian:
- Bathari:
- Harsusi:
- Hobyót:
- Mehri:
- Soqotri:
- Ethiopian Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
References (sem-pro)
Refs
- Template:ref template name
- Kogan, Leonid (2011) “Proto-Semitic Lexicon”, in Weninger, Stefan, editor, The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft – Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science; 36), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 195:
{{R:sem-pro:Weninger-Handbook|page=}}
- WOLD:
- Militarev, Alexander (2006) Semitic etymological database
Language-specific references (sem-pro)
Refs
Meroitic
Useful categories (xmr)
a noun here
References (xmr)
Numidian
Useful categories (nxm)
a noun here
References (nxm)
Proto-Afroasiatic
Useful categories (afa-pro)
Lua error in Module:headword at line 939: The headword 'a noun here' must begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.
Descendants (afa-pro)
Family tree
- Proto-Afroasiatic (afa-pro)
- ├───┬ Proto-Berber (ber-pro)
- │ ├──── Awjila (auj)
- │ ├──── Central Atlas Tamazight (tzm)
- │ ├──── Chenoua (cnu)
- │ ├──── Fogaha (ber-fog)
- │ ├──── Ghadames (gha)
- │ ├──── Ghomara (gho)
- │ ├──── Guanche (gnc)
- │ ├──── Kabyle (kab)
- │ ├──── Moroccan Amazigh (zgh)
- │ ├──── Nefusa (jbn)
- │ ├──── Northern Saharan Berber (mzb)
- │ ├──── Senhaja De Srair (sjs)
- │ ├──── Siwi (siz)
- │ ├──── Sokna (swn)
- │ ├──── Tachawit (shy)
- │ ├──── Tarifit (rif)
- │ ├──── Tashelhit (shi)
- │ ├──── Tetserret (tez)
- │ ├──── Tuareg (tmh)
- │ ├──── Tunisian Berber (sds)
- │ ├──── Zenaga (zen)
- │ └──── Zuwara (ber-zuw)
- ├───┬ Proto-Chadic (cdc-pro)
- │ ├───┬ Proto-Central Chadic (cdc-cbm-pro)
- │ │ ├──── Afade (aal)
- │ │ ├──── Bacama (bcy)
- │ │ ├──── Baldemu (bdn)
- │ │ ├──── Bana (bcw)
- │ │ ├──── Bata (bta)
- │ │ ├──── Boga (bvw)
- │ │ ├──── Buduma (bdm)
- │ │ ├──── Bura (bwr)
- │ │ ├──── Buwal (bhs)
- │ │ ├──── Cibak (ckl)
- │ │ ├──── Cineni (cie)
- │ │ ├──── Cuvok (cuv)
- │ │ ├──── Daba (dbq)
- │ │ ├──── Dghwede (dgh)
- │ │ ├──── Dugwor (dme)
- │ │ ├──── Fali (fli)
- │ │ ├──── Ga'anda (gqa)
- │ │ ├──── Gavar (gou)
- │ │ ├──── Gidar (gid)
- │ │ ├──── Glavda (glw)
- │ │ ├──── Gude (gde)
- │ │ ├──── Gudu (gdu)
- │ │ ├──── Guduf-Gava (gdf)
- │ │ ├──── Gvoko (ngs)
- │ │ ├──── Hdi (xed)
- │ │ ├──── Holma (hod)
- │ │ ├──── Huba (hbb)
- │ │ ├──── Hwana (hwo)
- │ │ ├──── Hya (hya)
- │ │ ├──── Jimjimen (jim)
- │ │ ├──── Kamwe (hig)
- │ │ ├──── Kirya-Konzel (fkk)
- │ │ ├──── Kofa (kso)
- │ │ ├──── Lagwan (kot)
- │ │ ├──── Lamang (hia)
- │ │ ├──── Mada (Cameroon) (mxu)
- │ │ ├──── Mafa (maf)
- │ │ ├──── Majera (xmj)
- │ │ ├──── Margi (mrt)
- │ │ ├──── Matal (mfh)
- │ │ ├──── Mazagway (dkx)
- │ │ ├──── Mbara (Chad) (mpk)
- │ │ ├──── Mbudum (xmd)
- │ │ ├──── Mbuko (mqb)
- │ │ ├──── Mefele (mfj)
- │ │ ├──── Merey (meq)
- │ │ ├──── Mina (hna)
- │ │ ├──── Mofu-Gudur (mif)
- │ │ ├──── Moloko (mlw)
- │ │ ├──── Mpade (mpi)
- │ │ ├──── Mser (kqx)
- │ │ ├──── Musgu (mug)
- │ │ ├──── Muyang (muy)
- │ │ ├──── Nggwahyi (ngx)
- │ │ ├──── Ngwaba (ngw)
- │ │ ├──── North Giziga (gis)
- │ │ ├──── North Mofu (mfk)
- │ │ ├──── Nzanyi (nja)
- │ │ ├──── Podoko (pbi)
- │ │ ├──── Psikye (kvj)
- │ │ ├──── Sharwa (swq)
- │ │ ├──── South Giziga (giz)
- │ │ ├──── Sukur (syk)
- │ │ ├──── Tera (ttr)
- │ │ ├──── Tsuvan (tsh)
- │ │ ├──── Uldeme (udl)
- │ │ ├──── Wandala (mfi)
- │ │ ├──── Zizilivakan (ziz)
- │ │ └──── Zulgo-Gemzek (gnd)
- │ ├───┬ East Chadic (cdc-est)
- │ │ ├──── Barein (bva)
- │ │ ├──── Bidiyo (bid)
- │ │ ├──── Birgit (btf)
- │ │ ├──── Boor (bvf)
- │ │ ├──── Buso (bso)
- │ │ ├──── Dangaléat (daa)
- │ │ ├──── Gabri (gab)
- │ │ ├──── Gadang (gdk)
- │ │ ├──── Kabalai (kvf)
- │ │ ├──── Kajakse (ckq)
- │ │ ├──── Kera (ker)
- │ │ ├──── Kimré (kqp)
- │ │ ├──── Kwang (kvi)
- │ │ ├──── Lele (Chad) (lln)
- │ │ ├──── Mawa (mcw)
- │ │ ├──── Migaama (mmy)
- │ │ ├──── Mogum (mou)
- │ │ ├──── Mubi (mub)
- │ │ ├──── Mukulu (moz)
- │ │ ├──── Nancere (nnc)
- │ │ ├──── Ndam (ndm)
- │ │ ├──── Saba (saa)
- │ │ ├──── Sarua (swy)
- │ │ ├──── Sokoro (sok)
- │ │ ├──── Somrai (sor)
- │ │ ├──── Tamki (tax)
- │ │ ├──── Tobanga (tng)
- │ │ ├──── Toram (trj)
- │ │ ├──── Tumak (tmc)
- │ │ └──── Zirenkel (zrn)
- │ ├──── Jara (jaf)
- │ ├───┬ Proto-Masa (cdc-mas-pro)
- │ │ ├──── Herdé (hed)
- │ │ ├──── Marba (mpg)
- │ │ ├──── Masana (mcn)
- │ │ ├──── Mesme (zim)
- │ │ ├──── Musey (mse)
- │ │ ├──── Ngete (nnn)
- │ │ ├──── Pévé (lme)
- │ │ └──── Zumaya (zuy)
- │ └───┬ West Chadic (cdc-wst)
- │ ├──── Ajawa (ajw)
- │ ├──── Auyokawa (auo)
- │ ├──── Bade (bde)
- │ ├──── Beele (bxq)
- │ ├──── Boghom (bux)
- │ ├──── Bole (bol)
- │ ├──── Bure (bvh)
- │ ├──── Cakfem-Mushere (cky)
- │ ├──── Ciwogai (tgd)
- │ ├──── Dass (dot)
- │ ├──── Deno (dbb)
- │ ├──── Diri (dwa)
- │ ├──── Duhwa (kbz)
- │ ├──── Duwai (dbp)
- │ ├──── Fyer (fie)
- │ ├──── Galambu (glo)
- │ ├──── Geji (gji)
- │ ├──── Gera (gew)
- │ ├──── Gerka (gek)
- │ ├──── Geruma (gea)
- │ ├──── Goemai (ank)
- │ ├──── Guruntum (grd)
- │ ├──── Gwandara (gwn)
- │ ├───┬ Hausa (ha)
- │ │ ├──── Barikanchi (bxo)
- │ │ └──── Gibanawa (gib)
- │ ├──── Jimi (jmi)
- │ ├──── Kanakuru (kna)
- │ ├──── Karekare (kai)
- │ ├──── Kariya (kil)
- │ ├──── Kholok (ktc)
- │ ├──── Kir-Balar (kkr)
- │ ├──── Kirfi (kks)
- │ ├──── Koenoem (kcs)
- │ ├──── Kofyar (kwl)
- │ ├──── Kubi (kof)
- │ ├──── Kulere (kul)
- │ ├──── Kushi (kuh)
- │ ├──── Kutto (kpa)
- │ ├──── Kwaami (ksq)
- │ ├──── Luri (Nigeria) (ldd)
- │ ├──── Maaka (mew)
- │ ├──── Mangas (zns)
- │ ├──── Mburku (bbt)
- │ ├──── Miship (mjs)
- │ ├──── Miya (mkf)
- │ ├──── Montol (mtl)
- │ ├──── Mundat (mmf)
- │ ├──── Mwaghavul (sur)
- │ ├──── Ngamo (nbh)
- │ ├──── Ngas (anc)
- │ ├──── Ngizim (ngi)
- │ ├──── Nyam (nmi)
- │ ├──── Pa'a (pqa)
- │ ├──── Pero (pip)
- │ ├──── Ron (cla)
- │ ├──── Saya (say)
- │ ├──── Sha (scw)
- │ ├──── Siri (sir)
- │ ├──── Tal (tal)
- │ ├──── Tala (tak)
- │ ├──── Tambas (tdk)
- │ ├──── Tangale (tan)
- │ ├──── Warji (wji)
- │ ├──── Zangwal (zah)
- │ ├──── Zari (zaz)
- │ ├──── Zeem (zua)
- │ └──── Zumbun (jmb)
- │ ├───┬ Proto-Central Chadic (cdc-cbm-pro)
- ├───┬ Proto-Cushitic (cus-pro)
- │ ├──── Beja (bej)
- │ ├───┬ Central Cushitic (cus-cen)
- │ │ ├──── Awngi (awn)
- │ │ ├──── Blin (byn)
- │ │ ├──── Qimant (ahg)
- │ │ └──── Xamtanga (xan)
- │ ├──── Dahalo (dal)
- │ ├───┬ East Cushitic (cus-eas)
- │ │ ├──── Afar (aa)
- │ │ ├──── Arbore (arv)
- │ │ ├──── Boon (bnl)
- │ │ ├──── Bussa (dox)
- │ │ ├──── Daasanach (dsh)
- │ │ ├──── Dirasha (gdl)
- │ │ ├──── El Molo (elo)
- │ │ ├──── Gawwada (gwd)
- │ │ ├───┬ Proto-Highland East Cushitic (cus-hec-pro)
- │ │ │ ├──── Alaba (alw)
- │ │ │ ├──── Burji (bji)
- │ │ │ ├──── Gedeo (drs)
- │ │ │ ├──── Hadiyya (hdy)
- │ │ │ ├──── Kambaata (ktb)
- │ │ │ ├──── Libido (liq)
- │ │ │ └──── Sidamo (sid)
- │ │ ├──── Khonso (kxc)
- │ │ ├──── Oromo (om)
- │ │ ├──── Saho (ssy)
- │ │ ├───┬ Proto-Somaloid (cus-som-pro)
- │ │ │ ├──── Ashraaf (cus-ash)
- │ │ │ ├──── Aweer (bob)
- │ │ │ ├──── Baiso (bsw)
- │ │ │ ├──── Dabarre (dbr)
- │ │ │ ├──── Garre (gex)
- │ │ │ ├──── Girirra (gii)
- │ │ │ ├──── Jiiddu (jii)
- │ │ │ ├──── Maay (ymm)
- │ │ │ ├──── Rendille (rel)
- │ │ │ ├──── Somali (so)
- │ │ │ └──── Tunni (tqq)
- │ │ ├──── Tsamai (tsb)
- │ │ └──── Yaaku (muu)
- │ └───┬ Proto-South Cushitic (cus-sou-pro)
- │ ├──── Aasax (aas)
- │ ├──── Alagwa (wbj)
- │ ├──── Burunge (bds)
- │ ├──── Gorowa (gow)
- │ ├──── Iraqw (irk)
- │ └──── Kw'adza (wka)
- ├───┬ Egyptian (egy)
- │ └───┬ Demotic (egx-dem)
- │ └──── Coptic (cop)
- │ └───┬ Demotic (egx-dem)
- ├──── Meroitic (xmr)
- ├──── Numidian (nxm)
- ├───┬ Proto-Omotic (omv-pro)
- │ ├───┬ Proto-Aroid (omv-aro-pro)
- │ │ ├──── Aari (aiw)
- │ │ ├──── Dime (dim)
- │ │ ├──── Gayil (gyl)
- │ │ ├──── Hamer-Banna (amf)
- │ │ └──── Karo (kxh)
- │ ├──── Bench (bcq)
- │ ├──── Chara (cra)
- │ ├───┬ Proto-Dizoid (omv-diz-pro)
- │ │ ├──── Dizin (mdx)
- │ │ ├──── Nayi (noz)
- │ │ └──── Sheko (she)
- │ ├───┬ Gonga (omv-gon)
- │ │ ├──── Anfillo (myo)
- │ │ ├──── Kafa (kbr)
- │ │ ├──── Shekkacho (moy)
- │ │ └──── Shinasha (bwo)
- │ ├───┬ Mao (omv-mao)
- │ │ ├──── Bambassi (myf)
- │ │ ├──── Ganza (gza)
- │ │ ├──── Hozo (hoz)
- │ │ └──── Seze (sze)
- │ ├───┬ Ometo (omv-ome)
- │ │ ├──── Basketo (bst)
- │ │ ├───┬ East Ometo (omv-eom)
- │ │ │ ├──── Kachama-Ganjule (kcx)
- │ │ │ ├──── Koorete (kqy)
- │ │ │ └──── Zayse-Zergulla (zay)
- │ │ ├──── Maale (mdy)
- │ │ └───┬ North Ometo (omv-nom)
- │ │ ├──── Dawro (dwr)
- │ │ ├──── Dorze (doz)
- │ │ ├──── Gamo (gmv)
- │ │ ├──── Gofa (gof)
- │ │ ├──── Melo (mfx)
- │ │ ├──── Oyda (oyd)
- │ │ └──── Wolaytta (wal)
- │ └──── Yemsa (jnj)
- │ ├───┬ Proto-Aroid (omv-aro-pro)
- └───┬ Proto-Semitic (sem-pro)
- ├───┬ East Semitic (sem-eas)
- │ ├──── Akkadian (akk)
- │ └──── Eblaite (xeb)
- └───┬ Proto-West Semitic (sem-wes-pro)
- ├───┬ Central Semitic (sem-cen)
- │ ├──── Ancient North Arabian (xna)
- │ ├───┬ Arabic (ar)
- │ │ ├──── Algerian Arabic (arq)
- │ │ ├──── Andalusian Arabic (xaa)
- │ │ ├──── Baharna Arabic (abv)
- │ │ ├──── Chadian Arabic (shu)
- │ │ ├──── Dhofari Arabic (adf)
- │ │ ├──── Egyptian Arabic (arz)
- │ │ ├──── Gulf Arabic (afb)
- │ │ ├──── Hassaniya Arabic (mey)
- │ │ ├──── Hijazi Arabic (acw)
- │ │ ├───┬ Iraqi Arabic (acm)
- │ │ │ ├──── Cypriot Arabic (acy)
- │ │ │ └──── North Mesopotamian Arabic (ayp)
- │ │ ├──── Libyan Arabic (ayl)
- │ │ ├──── Moroccan Arabic (ary)
- │ │ ├──── Najdi Arabic (ars)
- │ │ ├──── North Levantine Arabic (apc)
- │ │ ├──── Omani Arabic (acx)
- │ │ ├──── Shihhi Arabic (ssh)
- │ │ ├───┬ Siculo-Arabic (sqr)
- │ │ │ └──── Maltese (mt)
- │ │ ├──── South Levantine Arabic (ajp)
- │ │ ├───┬ Sudanese Arabic (apd)
- │ │ │ ├──── Juba Arabic (pga)
- │ │ │ └──── Nubi (kcn)
- │ │ ├──── Tajiki Arabic (abh)
- │ │ ├──── Tunisian Arabic (aeb)
- │ │ ├──── Uzbeki Arabic (auz)
- │ │ └──── Yemeni Arabic (ayn)
- │ ├──── Dadanitic (sem-dad)
- │ ├──── Dumaitic (sem-dum)
- │ ├──── Hasaitic (sem-has)
- │ ├──── Hismaic (sem-his)
- │ ├───┬ Northwest Semitic (sem-nwe)
- │ │ ├──── Amorite (sem-amo)
- │ │ ├───┬ Aramaic (arc)
- │ │ │ ├───┬ Eastern Aramaic (sem-are)
- │ │ │ │ ├───┬ Central Neo-Aramaic (sem-cna)
- │ │ │ │ │ ├──── Mlahsö (lhs)
- │ │ │ │ │ └──── Turoyo (tru)
- │ │ │ │ ├──── Chaldean Neo-Aramaic (cld)
- │ │ │ │ ├──── Classical Syriac (syc)
- │ │ │ │ ├───┬ Northeastern Neo-Aramaic (sem-nna)
- │ │ │ │ │ ├──── Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (aii)
- │ │ │ │ │ ├──── Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic (bjf)
- │ │ │ │ │ ├──── Bohtan Neo-Aramaic (bhn)
- │ │ │ │ │ ├──── Hulaulá (huy)
- │ │ │ │ │ ├──── Hértevin (hrt)
- │ │ │ │ │ ├──── Koy Sanjaq Surat (kqd)
- │ │ │ │ │ ├──── Lishana Deni (lsd)
- │ │ │ │ │ ├──── Lishanid Noshan (aij)
- │ │ │ │ │ ├──── Lishán Didán (trg)
- │ │ │ │ │ └──── Senaya (syn)
- │ │ │ │ └───┬ Southeastern Aramaic (sem-ase)
- │ │ │ │ └───┬ Classical Mandaic (myz)
- │ │ │ │ └──── Mandaic (mid)
- │ │ │ │ └───┬ Classical Mandaic (myz)
- │ │ │ │ ├───┬ Central Neo-Aramaic (sem-cna)
- │ │ │ └───┬ Western Aramaic (sem-arw)
- │ │ │ ├──── Samaritan Aramaic (sam)
- │ │ │ └──── Western Neo-Aramaic (amw)
- │ │ │ ├───┬ Eastern Aramaic (sem-are)
- │ │ ├───┬ Canaanite (sem-can)
- │ │ │ ├──── Ammonite (sem-amm)
- │ │ │ ├───┬ Biblical Hebrew (hbo)
- │ │ │ │ └───┬ Mishnaic Hebrew (he-mis)
- │ │ │ │ └───┬ Medieval Hebrew (he-med)
- │ │ │ │ └──── Hebrew (he)
- │ │ │ │ └───┬ Medieval Hebrew (he-med)
- │ │ │ │ └───┬ Mishnaic Hebrew (he-mis)
- │ │ │ ├──── Edomite (xdm)
- │ │ │ ├──── Moabite (obm)
- │ │ │ ├───┬ Phoenician (phn)
- │ │ │ │ └──── Punic (xpu)
- │ │ │ └──── Samaritan Hebrew (smp)
- │ │ └──── Ugaritic (uga)
- │ ├───┬ Old South Arabian (sem-osa)
- │ │ ├──── Hadrami (xhd)
- │ │ ├──── Minaean (inm)
- │ │ ├───┬ Old South Arabian (sem-srb)
- │ │ │ └──── Razihi (rzh)
- │ │ ├──── Qatabanian (xqt)
- │ │ └──── Sabaean (xsa)
- │ ├──── Safaitic (sem-saf)
- │ ├──── Taymanitic (sem-tay)
- │ └──── Thamudic (sem-tha)
- ├───┬ Ethiopian Semitic (sem-eth)
- │ ├──── Amharic (am)
- │ ├──── Argobba (agj)
- │ ├──── Chaha (sem-cha)
- │ ├──── Dahalik (dlk)
- │ ├──── Gafat (gft)
- │ ├──── Ge'ez (gez)
- │ ├──── Harari (har)
- │ ├──── Inor (ior)
- │ ├──── Kistane (gru)
- │ ├──── Mesmes (mys)
- │ ├──── Mesqan (mvz)
- │ ├──── Muher (sem-mhr)
- │ ├──── Sebat Bet Gurage (sgw)
- │ ├──── Silt'e (stv)
- │ ├──── Tigre (tig)
- │ ├──── Tigrinya (ti)
- │ ├──── Wolane (wle)
- │ └──── Zay (zwa)
- └───┬ Modern South Arabian (sem-sar)
- ├──── Bathari (bhm)
- ├──── Harsusi (hss)
- ├──── Hobyót (hoh)
- ├──── Mehri (gdq)
- ├──── Shehri (shv)
- └──── Soqotri (sqt)
- ├───┬ Central Semitic (sem-cen)
- ├───┬ East Semitic (sem-eas)
- ├───┬ Proto-Berber (ber-pro)
Tree to fill
- Proto-Berber: (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Chadic: (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Cushitic: (see there for further descendants)
- Egyptian: (see there for further descendants)
- Meroitic:
- Numidian:
- Proto-Omotic: (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Semitic: (see there for further descendants)
References (afa-pro)
Refs
- Template:ref template name
- Orel V., Stolbova O., Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary: Materials for a Reconstruction, HSED, Leiden & New York, 1995:
- only good reconstructions to put ( with lots of descendants, matching semantics and phonological correspondences)
- Иллич-Свитыч, В. М. , Материалы к сравнительному словарю ностратических языков (индоевропейский, алтайский, уральский, дравидийский, картвельский, семито-хамитский). // Этимология 1965. , abbrev name: МССНЯ, publisher: Изд. "Наука". , Москва. , 1967.:
- WOLD:
- Militarev, Alexander; Stolbova, Olga (2007) Afroasiatic etymological database
- Dolgopolsky - Nostratic Dictionary (2008): ]
- Dolgopolsky - Nostratic Dictionary (3rd edition, 2012):
- Bomhard - Some Nostratic Etymologies: Supplement I:
- Bengston, John, Ruhlen, Merritt (1994) “Global etymologies (GE)”, in On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy, Stanford University Press, retrieved 27 June 2020, pages 277–336
- Takacs, Gabor, Etymological Dictionary of Old Egyptian:
- An interesting Wiktionary user page from Jaspet with redlink-linking entries and meanings for PAA and some lower-order reconstructed languages: User:Jaspet/Afro-Asiatic_protolanguage_redlinks
{{R:TNMASiDLR}}:{{R:ACPV}}- Bomhard, Allan R. (2014) Afrasian Comparative Phonology and Vocabulary, Charleston, South Carolina, →ISBN.
{{R:RPAPA}}- Ehret, Christopher (1995) Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary (University of California Publications in Linguistics; 126), Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, →ISBN.
- A book on African archaeology but mostly linguistics, particularly historical linguistics of the Afroasiatic family:
- König, Christa (2008) Case in Africa, Oxford University Press, →ISBN:
- Heine, Bernd, Derek Nurse (2000) African languages: an introduction, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 1:
- A critique of HSD and Ehret's Dictionary (showing, as in the introduction of this page, that unfortunately both dictionaries are mostly bullshit, but "30 to 100" entries may remain reliable):
Further
This section is meant to gather resemblance or even lookalikes between PAA and other reconstructed languages. It will begin only when I would have expanded seriously PAA reconstructions on Wiktionary.