cruciatus

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Latin

Etymology

Perfect passive participle of cruciō.

Participle

cruciātus (feminine cruciāta, neuter cruciātum); first/second-declension participle

  1. crucified
  2. tortured
  3. marked by a cross

Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

Number Singular Plural
Case / Gender Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative cruciātus cruciāta cruciātum cruciātī cruciātae cruciāta
Genitive cruciātī cruciātae cruciātī cruciātōrum cruciātārum cruciātōrum
Dative cruciātō cruciātō cruciātīs
Accusative cruciātum cruciātam cruciātum cruciātōs cruciātās cruciāta
Ablative cruciātō cruciātā cruciātō cruciātīs
Vocative cruciāte cruciāta cruciātum cruciātī cruciātae cruciāta

Noun

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cruciātus m (genitive cruciātūs); fourth declension

  1. torture (or the instruments of torture)
    Synonyms: exemplum, supplicium
  2. torment, suffering
    Synonyms: poena, malum
  3. ruin, calamity, misfortune
    Synonyms: plāga, īnfortūnium, calamitās, cāsus, miseria, vulnus, malum, pestis, nūbēs
  4. a crusader

Usage notes

The adjective cruciātus had been used in the sense of "marked with a cross" from the 12th century; as a noun, cruciātus (often spelled with x in Middle Latin, cruxatus, croxatus, etc., also crucesignatus) was used of crusaders by the mid 13th century, from their practice of attaching a cloth cross symbol to their clothing.

Declension

Fourth-declension noun.

Case Singular Plural
Nominative cruciātus cruciātūs
Genitive cruciātūs cruciātuum
Dative cruciātuī cruciātibus
Accusative cruciātum cruciātūs
Ablative cruciātū cruciātibus
Vocative cruciātus cruciātūs

Descendants

  • English: cruciate
  • Italian: crociato

References

  • “cruciatus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “cruciatus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • cruciatus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
  • cruciatus in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016
  • Mittellateinisches Wörterbuch vol. 2 (1999), s.v. "cruciatus"
  • Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange, Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis, éd. augm., Niort : L. Favre, 1883‑1887, t. 2, col. 629a, s.v. "Cruciatæ"
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