χθόνιος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From χθών (khthṓn, “ground, soil”) +‎ -ῐος (-ios), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”).

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /kʰtʰó.ni.os/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈkʰtʰo.ni.os/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈxθo.ni.os/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈxθo.ni.os/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈxθo.ni.os/

Adjective

χθόνῐος • (khthónios) m (feminine χθονῐ́ᾱ, neuter χθόνῐον); first/second declension
χθόνῐος • (khthónios) m or f (neuter χθόνῐον); second declension

underground, subterranean, chthonian

Inflection

First and second declension of χθόνῐος; χθονῐ́ᾱ; χθόνῐον (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	χθόνῐος khthónios	χθονῐ́ᾱ khthoníā	χθόνῐον khthónion	χθονῐ́ω khthoníō	χθονῐ́ᾱ khthoníā	χθονῐ́ω khthoníō	χθόνῐοι khthónioi	χθόνῐαι khthóniai	χθόνῐᾰ khthónia
Genitive	χθονῐ́ου khthoníou	χθονῐ́ᾱς khthoníās	χθονῐ́ου khthoníou	χθονῐ́οιν khthoníoin	χθονῐ́αιν khthoníain	χθονῐ́οιν khthoníoin	χθονῐ́ων khthoníōn	χθονῐ́ων khthoníōn	χθονῐ́ων khthoníōn
Dative	χθονῐ́ῳ khthoníōi	χθονῐ́ᾳ khthoníāi	χθονῐ́ῳ khthoníōi	χθονῐ́οιν khthoníoin	χθονῐ́αιν khthoníain	χθονῐ́οιν khthoníoin	χθονῐ́οις khthoníois	χθονῐ́αις khthoníais	χθονῐ́οις khthoníois
Accusative	χθόνῐον khthónion	χθονῐ́ᾱν khthoníān	χθόνῐον khthónion	χθονῐ́ω khthoníō	χθονῐ́ᾱ khthoníā	χθονῐ́ω khthoníō	χθονῐ́ους khthoníous	χθονῐ́ᾱς khthoníās	χθόνῐᾰ khthónia
Vocative	χθόνῐε khthónie	χθονῐ́ᾱ khthoníā	χθόνῐον khthónion	χθονῐ́ω khthoníō	χθονῐ́ᾱ khthoníā	χθονῐ́ω khthoníō	χθόνῐοι khthónioi	χθόνῐαι khthóniai	χθόνῐᾰ khthónia
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	χθονῐ́ως khthoníōs			χθονῐώτερος khthoniṓteros			χθονῐώτᾰτος khthoniṓtatos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Second declension of χθόνῐος; χθόνῐον (Attic)

Number	Singular		Dual		Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine / Feminine	Neuter	Masculine / Feminine	Neuter	Masculine / Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	χθόνῐος khthónios	χθόνῐον khthónion	χθονῐ́ω khthoníō	χθονῐ́ω khthoníō	χθόνῐοι khthónioi	χθόνῐᾰ khthónia
Genitive	χθονῐ́ου khthoníou	χθονῐ́ου khthoníou	χθονῐ́οιν khthoníoin	χθονῐ́οιν khthoníoin	χθονῐ́ων khthoníōn	χθονῐ́ων khthoníōn
Dative	χθονῐ́ῳ khthoníōi	χθονῐ́ῳ khthoníōi	χθονῐ́οιν khthoníoin	χθονῐ́οιν khthoníoin	χθονῐ́οις khthoníois	χθονῐ́οις khthoníois
Accusative	χθόνῐον khthónion	χθόνῐον khthónion	χθονῐ́ω khthoníō	χθονῐ́ω khthoníō	χθονῐ́ους khthoníous	χθόνῐᾰ khthónia
Vocative	χθόνῐε khthónie	χθόνῐον khthónion	χθονῐ́ω khthoníō	χθονῐ́ω khthoníō	χθόνῐοι khthónioi	χθόνῐᾰ khthónia
Derived forms	Adverb		Comparative		Superlative
Derived forms	χθονῐ́ως khthoníōs		χθονῐώτερος khthoniṓteros		χθονῐώτᾰτος khthoniṓtatos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Synonyms

ὑπόγειος (hupógeios)

Descendants

Greek: χθόνιος (chthónios)
English: chthonian
Latin: chthonius
- Italian: ctonio

References

“χθόνιος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“χθόνιος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
χθόνιος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
“χθόνιος”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- hellish idem, page 395.
- infernal idem, page 437.
- nether idem, page 556.
- subterranean idem, page 833.
- tartarean idem, page 856.
- under idem, page 912.
- underground idem, page 913.
- world idem, page 989.