خراج

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Etymology 1

From خ ر ج (ḵ-r-j) in the sense “to extract” or “take out”, with phono-semantic matching from Middle Persian apparently in an unattested by-form of by-itself Iranian-origin 𐫍𐫡𐫃 (hrg /⁠harg⁠/), 𐫟𐫡𐫃 (xrg /⁠xarg⁠/), 𐫆𐫡𐫵𐫃 (hrːg /⁠harg⁠/, “tribute”) surfacing as Old Armenian հարկ (hark) etc., an already Old Persian contamination *𐏃𐎼𐎠𐎣 (ha-ra-a-ka /⁠*harāka⁠/, “tribute, tax, any public charge based on land property”) on the model of Imperial Aramaic 𐡄𐡋𐡊𐡀 (hlkʾ /⁠hălāḵā⁠/, “tribute, tax, any public charge based on land property”), itself calqued from Akkadian 𒅋𒆪 (il-ku /⁠ilku⁠/, “corvée, tribute, any public charge based on land property”). Also attested several times in Biblical Aramaic הֲלָכָא (/⁠hălāḵā⁠/) but otherwise missing in Aramaic.

Noun

خَرَاج • (ḵarāj) m (plural أَخْرَاج (ʔaḵrāj) or أَخْرِجَة (ʔaḵrija))

  1. public levy, subsidy; poll-tax, tribute
Declension
Declension of noun خَرَاج (ḵarāj)
Singular basic singular triptote
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal خَرَاج
ḵarāj 		الْخَرَاج
al-ḵarāj 		خَرَاج
ḵarāj
Nominative خَرَاجٌ
ḵarājun 		الْخَرَاجُ
al-ḵarāju 		خَرَاجُ
ḵarāju
Accusative خَرَاجًا
ḵarājan 		الْخَرَاجَ
al-ḵarāja 		خَرَاجَ
ḵarāja
Genitive خَرَاجٍ
ḵarājin 		الْخَرَاجِ
al-ḵarāji 		خَرَاجِ
ḵarāji
Dual Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal خَرَاجَيْن
ḵarājayn 		الْخَرَاجَيْن
al-ḵarājayn 		خَرَاجَيْ
ḵarājay
Nominative خَرَاجَانِ
ḵarājāni 		الْخَرَاجَانِ
al-ḵarājāni 		خَرَاجَا
ḵarājā
Accusative خَرَاجَيْنِ
ḵarājayni 		الْخَرَاجَيْنِ
al-ḵarājayni 		خَرَاجَيْ
ḵarājay
Genitive خَرَاجَيْنِ
ḵarājayni 		الْخَرَاجَيْنِ
al-ḵarājayni 		خَرَاجَيْ
ḵarājay
Plural basic broken plural triptote‎; broken plural triptote in ـَة (-a)
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal أَخْرَاج‎; أَخْرِجَة
ʔaḵrāj‎; ʔaḵrija 		الْأَخْرَاج‎; الْأَخْرِجَة
al-ʔaḵrāj‎; al-ʔaḵrija 		أَخْرَاج‎; أَخْرِجَة
ʔaḵrāj‎; ʔaḵrijat
Nominative أَخْرَاجٌ‎; أَخْرِجَةٌ
ʔaḵrājun‎; ʔaḵrijatun 		الْأَخْرَاجُ‎; الْأَخْرِجَةُ
al-ʔaḵrāju‎; al-ʔaḵrijatu 		أَخْرَاجُ‎; أَخْرِجَةُ
ʔaḵrāju‎; ʔaḵrijatu
Accusative أَخْرَاجًا‎; أَخْرِجَةً
ʔaḵrājan‎; ʔaḵrijatan 		الْأَخْرَاجَ‎; الْأَخْرِجَةَ
al-ʔaḵrāja‎; al-ʔaḵrijata 		أَخْرَاجَ‎; أَخْرِجَةَ
ʔaḵrāja‎; ʔaḵrijata
Genitive أَخْرَاجٍ‎; أَخْرِجَةٍ
ʔaḵrājin‎; ʔaḵrijatin 		الْأَخْرَاجِ‎; الْأَخْرِجَةِ
al-ʔaḵrāji‎; al-ʔaḵrijati 		أَخْرَاجِ‎; أَخْرِجَةِ
ʔaḵrāji‎; ʔaḵrijati
Descendants

Etymology 2

Root
خ ر ج (ḵ r j)
12 terms

Noun

خُرَاج or خُرَّاج • (ḵurāj or ḵurrāj) m (plural خُرَاجَات (ḵurājāt) or خُرَّاجَات (ḵurrājāt))

  1. abscess, boil, aposteme
Declension
Declension of noun خُرَاج (ḵurāj)‎; خُرَّاج (ḵurrāj)
Singular basic singular triptote
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal خُرَاج‎; خُرَّاج
ḵurāj‎; ḵurrāj 		الْخُرَاج‎; الْخُرَّاج
al-ḵurāj‎; al-ḵurrāj 		خُرَاج‎; خُرَّاج
ḵurāj‎; ḵurrāj
Nominative خُرَاجٌ‎; خُرَّاجٌ
ḵurājun‎; ḵurrājun 		الْخُرَاجُ‎; الْخُرَّاجُ
al-ḵurāju‎; al-ḵurrāju 		خُرَاجُ‎; خُرَّاجُ
ḵurāju‎; ḵurrāju
Accusative خُرَاجًا‎; خُرَّاجًا
ḵurājan‎; ḵurrājan 		الْخُرَاجَ‎; الْخُرَّاجَ
al-ḵurāja‎; al-ḵurrāja 		خُرَاجَ‎; خُرَّاجَ
ḵurāja‎; ḵurrāja
Genitive خُرَاجٍ‎; خُرَّاجٍ
ḵurājin‎; ḵurrājin 		الْخُرَاجِ‎; الْخُرَّاجِ
al-ḵurāji‎; al-ḵurrāji 		خُرَاجِ‎; خُرَّاجِ
ḵurāji‎; ḵurrāji
Dual Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal خُرَاجَيْن‎; خُرَّاجَيْن
ḵurājayn‎; ḵurrājayn 		الْخُرَاجَيْن‎; الْخُرَّاجَيْن
al-ḵurājayn‎; al-ḵurrājayn 		خُرَاجَيْ‎; خُرَّاجَيْ
ḵurājay‎; ḵurrājay
Nominative خُرَاجَانِ‎; خُرَّاجَانِ
ḵurājāni‎; ḵurrājāni 		الْخُرَاجَانِ‎; الْخُرَّاجَانِ
al-ḵurājāni‎; al-ḵurrājāni 		خُرَاجَا‎; خُرَّاجَا
ḵurājā‎; ḵurrājā
Accusative خُرَاجَيْنِ‎; خُرَّاجَيْنِ
ḵurājayni‎; ḵurrājayni 		الْخُرَاجَيْنِ‎; الْخُرَّاجَيْنِ
al-ḵurājayni‎; al-ḵurrājayni 		خُرَاجَيْ‎; خُرَّاجَيْ
ḵurājay‎; ḵurrājay
Genitive خُرَاجَيْنِ‎; خُرَّاجَيْنِ
ḵurājayni‎; ḵurrājayni 		الْخُرَاجَيْنِ‎; الْخُرَّاجَيْنِ
al-ḵurājayni‎; al-ḵurrājayni 		خُرَاجَيْ‎; خُرَّاجَيْ
ḵurājay‎; ḵurrājay
Plural sound feminine plural
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal خُرَاجَات‎; خُرَّاجَات
ḵurājāt‎; ḵurrājāt 		الْخُرَاجَات‎; الْخُرَّاجَات
al-ḵurājāt‎; al-ḵurrājāt 		خُرَاجَات‎; خُرَّاجَات
ḵurājāt‎; ḵurrājāt
Nominative خُرَاجَاتٌ‎; خُرَّاجَاتٌ
ḵurājātun‎; ḵurrājātun 		الْخُرَاجَاتُ‎; الْخُرَّاجَاتُ
al-ḵurājātu‎; al-ḵurrājātu 		خُرَاجَاتُ‎; خُرَّاجَاتُ
ḵurājātu‎; ḵurrājātu
Accusative خُرَاجَاتٍ‎; خُرَّاجَاتٍ
ḵurājātin‎; ḵurrājātin 		الْخُرَاجَاتِ‎; الْخُرَّاجَاتِ
al-ḵurājāti‎; al-ḵurrājāti 		خُرَاجَاتِ‎; خُرَّاجَاتِ
ḵurājāti‎; ḵurrājāti
Genitive خُرَاجَاتٍ‎; خُرَّاجَاتٍ
ḵurājātin‎; ḵurrājātin 		الْخُرَاجَاتِ‎; الْخُرَّاجَاتِ
al-ḵurājāti‎; al-ḵurrājāti 		خُرَاجَاتِ‎; خُرَّاجَاتِ
ḵurājāti‎; ḵurrājāti
Alternative forms
Descendants
  • → Ottoman Turkish: خراج (huraç, hurraç)

References

  • “hlk”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
  • Burrow, Thomas (1935) “Iranian Words in the Kharoṣṭhi Documents from Chinese Turkestan—II”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies‎, volume 7, number 4, page 788 of 779–790
  • Henning, Walter Bruno (1935) “Arabisch ḫarāǧ”, in Orientalia, volume 4 (Nova Series), →DOI, pages 291–293 = Henning, W. B. (1977) Selected Papers (Acta Iranica; 14)‎, volume 1, Tehran and Liège: Bibliothèque Pahlavi, pages 355–357
  • Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974) The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies; 19)‎, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 58

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic خَرَاج (ḵarāj, “public levy; tribute”).

Noun

خراج • (harac) (definite accusative خراجی (haracı), plural اخراج (ahrac))

  1. tax, impost, tribute, a compulsory financial charge or levy imposed by the government
    Synonym: ویركی (vergi)
  2. (Islam) jizya, a per capita tax levied on a section of an Islamic state's non-Muslim citizens
    Synonym: جزیه (cizye)
  3. poll tax, capitation, head tax, a tax determined as a uniform, fixed amount per individual
Derived terms
Descendants

Further reading

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Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic خُرَاج (ḵurāj, “abscess, boil, aposteme”).

Noun

خراج • (hurac) (definite accusative خراجی (huracı), plural خراجات (huracat))

  1. pimple, furuncle, boil, pustule, a localized accumulation of pus in the skin, resulting from infection
    Synonyms: چبان (çıban), دمل (dummel), قبارجق (kabarcık)
  2. abscess, a cavity caused by tissue destruction filled with pus and surrounded by inflamed tissue
    Synonyms: چبان (çıban), دمل (dummel)
Descendants

Further reading

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