परुष

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See also: पुरुष

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit परुष (paruṣa).

Adjective

परुष (paruṣ) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling پرش)

  1. rough
  2. uneven
  3. piercing (e.g. wind)
  4. harsh
  5. cruel
  6. severe
  7. coarse
  8. gross

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

    Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *parHušás, from Proto-Indo-European *pelHu-só-s, from the root *pelH- (gray, pale), related to पलित (palitá, gray, hoary). Cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬱𐬀 (pouruša, gray (of hair)), Persian پیر (pir, old), Latin pallidus, Ancient Greek πελιτνός (pelitnós), Old Armenian ալիք (alikʻ, wave, gray hair).

    Adjective

    परुष (paruṣá) stem

    1. spotted, variegated, dirty-colored
      • c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 5.27.5:
        यस्य मा परुषाः शतमुद्धर्षयन्त्युक्षणः।
        yasya mā paruṣāḥ śatamuddharṣayantyukṣaṇaḥ.
        From whom a hundred oxen, all of speckled hue, delight my heart...
    2. knotty, rough, hard, stiff, rugged, rough, uneven, shaggy
    3. intertwined with creepers (as a tree)
    4. piercing, keen, sharp, violent, harsh, severe, unkind
    Declension
    Masculine a-stem declension of परुष
    singular dual plural
    nominative परुषः (paruṣáḥ) परुषौ (paruṣaú)
    परुषा¹ (paruṣā́¹)
    परुषाः (paruṣā́ḥ)
    परुषासः¹ (paruṣā́saḥ¹)
    accusative परुषम् (paruṣám) परुषौ (paruṣaú)
    परुषा¹ (paruṣā́¹)
    परुषान् (paruṣā́n)
    instrumental परुषेण (paruṣéṇa) परुषाभ्याम् (paruṣā́bhyām) परुषैः (paruṣaíḥ)
    परुषेभिः¹ (paruṣébhiḥ¹)
    dative परुषाय (paruṣā́ya) परुषाभ्याम् (paruṣā́bhyām) परुषेभ्यः (paruṣébhyaḥ)
    ablative परुषात् (paruṣā́t) परुषाभ्याम् (paruṣā́bhyām) परुषेभ्यः (paruṣébhyaḥ)
    genitive परुषस्य (paruṣásya) परुषयोः (paruṣáyoḥ) परुषाणाम् (paruṣā́ṇām)
    locative परुषे (paruṣé) परुषयोः (paruṣáyoḥ) परुषेषु (paruṣéṣu)
    vocative परुष (páruṣa) परुषौ (páruṣau)
    परुषा¹ (páruṣā¹)
    परुषाः (páruṣāḥ)
    परुषासः¹ (páruṣāsaḥ¹)
    • ¹Vedic
    Feminine ī-stem declension of परुष्णी
    singular dual plural
    nominative परुष्णी (páruṣṇī) परुष्ण्यौ (páruṣṇyau)
    परुष्णी¹ (páruṣṇī¹)
    परुष्ण्यः (páruṣṇyaḥ)
    परुष्णीः¹ (páruṣṇīḥ¹)
    accusative परुष्णीम् (páruṣṇīm) परुष्ण्यौ (páruṣṇyau)
    परुष्णी¹ (páruṣṇī¹)
    परुष्णीः (páruṣṇīḥ)
    instrumental परुष्ण्या (páruṣṇyā) परुष्णीभ्याम् (páruṣṇībhyām) परुष्णीभिः (páruṣṇībhiḥ)
    dative परुष्ण्यै (páruṣṇyai) परुष्णीभ्याम् (páruṣṇībhyām) परुष्णीभ्यः (páruṣṇībhyaḥ)
    ablative परुष्ण्याः (páruṣṇyāḥ)
    परुष्ण्यै² (páruṣṇyai²)
    परुष्णीभ्याम् (páruṣṇībhyām) परुष्णीभ्यः (páruṣṇībhyaḥ)
    genitive परुष्ण्याः (páruṣṇyāḥ)
    परुष्ण्यै² (páruṣṇyai²)
    परुष्ण्योः (páruṣṇyoḥ) परुष्णीनाम् (páruṣṇīnām)
    locative परुष्ण्याम् (páruṣṇyām) परुष्ण्योः (páruṣṇyoḥ) परुष्णीषु (páruṣṇīṣu)
    vocative परुष्णि (páruṣṇi) परुष्ण्यौ (páruṣṇyau)
    परुष्णी¹ (páruṣṇī¹)
    परुष्ण्यः (páruṣṇyaḥ)
    परुष्णीः¹ (páruṣṇīḥ¹)
    • ¹Vedic
    • ²Brāhmaṇas
    Neuter a-stem declension of परुष
    singular dual plural
    nominative परुषम् (paruṣám) परुषे (paruṣé) परुषाणि (paruṣā́ṇi)
    परुषा¹ (paruṣā́¹)
    accusative परुषम् (paruṣám) परुषे (paruṣé) परुषाणि (paruṣā́ṇi)
    परुषा¹ (paruṣā́¹)
    instrumental परुषेण (paruṣéṇa) परुषाभ्याम् (paruṣā́bhyām) परुषैः (paruṣaíḥ)
    परुषेभिः¹ (paruṣébhiḥ¹)
    dative परुषाय (paruṣā́ya) परुषाभ्याम् (paruṣā́bhyām) परुषेभ्यः (paruṣébhyaḥ)
    ablative परुषात् (paruṣā́t) परुषाभ्याम् (paruṣā́bhyām) परुषेभ्यः (paruṣébhyaḥ)
    genitive परुषस्य (paruṣásya) परुषयोः (paruṣáyoḥ) परुषाणाम् (paruṣā́ṇām)
    locative परुषे (paruṣé) परुषयोः (paruṣáyoḥ) परुषेषु (paruṣéṣu)
    vocative परुष (páruṣa) परुषे (páruṣe) परुषाणि (páruṣāṇi)
    परुषा¹ (páruṣā¹)
    • ¹Vedic

    Etymology 2

    See परूषक (parūṣaka, phalsa tree).

    Noun

    परुष (paruṣa) stemm

    1. a reed
    2. an arrow
    3. phalsa (Grewia asiatica) or cannonball mangrove (Xylocarpus granatum)
    Declension
    Masculine a-stem declension of परुष
    singular dual plural
    nominative परुषः (paruṣaḥ) परुषौ (paruṣau)
    परुषा¹ (paruṣā¹)
    परुषाः (paruṣāḥ)
    परुषासः¹ (paruṣāsaḥ¹)
    accusative परुषम् (paruṣam) परुषौ (paruṣau)
    परुषा¹ (paruṣā¹)
    परुषान् (paruṣān)
    instrumental परुषेण (paruṣeṇa) परुषाभ्याम् (paruṣābhyām) परुषैः (paruṣaiḥ)
    परुषेभिः¹ (paruṣebhiḥ¹)
    dative परुषाय (paruṣāya) परुषाभ्याम् (paruṣābhyām) परुषेभ्यः (paruṣebhyaḥ)
    ablative परुषात् (paruṣāt) परुषाभ्याम् (paruṣābhyām) परुषेभ्यः (paruṣebhyaḥ)
    genitive परुषस्य (paruṣasya) परुषयोः (paruṣayoḥ) परुषाणाम् (paruṣāṇām)
    locative परुषे (paruṣe) परुषयोः (paruṣayoḥ) परुषेषु (paruṣeṣu)
    vocative परुष (paruṣa) परुषौ (paruṣau)
    परुषा¹ (paruṣā¹)
    परुषाः (paruṣāḥ)
    परुषासः¹ (paruṣāsaḥ¹)
    • ¹Vedic

    Noun

    परुष (paruṣa) stemn

    1. harsh and contumelious speech, abuse, etc.
    Declension
    Neuter a-stem declension of परुष
    singular dual plural
    nominative परुषम् (paruṣam) परुषे (paruṣe) परुषाणि (paruṣāṇi)
    परुषा¹ (paruṣā¹)
    accusative परुषम् (paruṣam) परुषे (paruṣe) परुषाणि (paruṣāṇi)
    परुषा¹ (paruṣā¹)
    instrumental परुषेण (paruṣeṇa) परुषाभ्याम् (paruṣābhyām) परुषैः (paruṣaiḥ)
    परुषेभिः¹ (paruṣebhiḥ¹)
    dative परुषाय (paruṣāya) परुषाभ्याम् (paruṣābhyām) परुषेभ्यः (paruṣebhyaḥ)
    ablative परुषात् (paruṣāt) परुषाभ्याम् (paruṣābhyām) परुषेभ्यः (paruṣebhyaḥ)
    genitive परुषस्य (paruṣasya) परुषयोः (paruṣayoḥ) परुषाणाम् (paruṣāṇām)
    locative परुषे (paruṣe) परुषयोः (paruṣayoḥ) परुषेषु (paruṣeṣu)
    vocative परुष (paruṣa) परुषे (paruṣe) परुषाणि (paruṣāṇi)
    परुषा¹ (paruṣā¹)
    • ¹Vedic

    References

    • Monier Williams (1899) “परुष”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, , new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, pages 605/3, 606/1.
    • Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 95
    • Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 305