यव

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See also: युवा

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yáwas (“barley, cereal”), from Proto-Indo-European *yéwos (“barley, cereal”).

Cognate with Avestan 𐬫𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (yauua), Ancient Greek ζειά (zeiá), Old Irish eórna (whence Irish eorna (“barley”)), Lithuanian javaĩ, Persian (jow).

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /jɐ́.ʋɐ/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈjɐ.ʋɐ/

Noun

यव • (yáva) stem, m

barley
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.27.8:
  गावो यवं प्रयुता अर्यो अक्षन्ता अपश्यं सहगोपाश्चरन्तीः ।
  gā́vo yávam práyutā aryó akṣantā́ apaśyam sahágopāścárantīḥ.
  The freed kine eat the barley of the pious; I saw them as they wandered with the herdsman.
grain, cereal
name for island of Java, whence perhaps came the English "Java"
a unit of measurement of weight or length

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of यव (yáva)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	यवः yávaḥ	यवौ / यवा¹ yávau / yávā¹	यवाः / यवासः¹ yávāḥ / yávāsaḥ¹
Vocative	यव yáva	यवौ / यवा¹ yávau / yávā¹	यवाः / यवासः¹ yávāḥ / yávāsaḥ¹
Accusative	यवम् yávam	यवौ / यवा¹ yávau / yávā¹	यवान् yávān
Instrumental	यवेन yávena	यवाभ्याम् yávābhyām	यवैः / यवेभिः¹ yávaiḥ / yávebhiḥ¹
Dative	यवाय yávāya	यवाभ्याम् yávābhyām	यवेभ्यः yávebhyaḥ
Ablative	यवात् yávāt	यवाभ्याम् yávābhyām	यवेभ्यः yávebhyaḥ
Genitive	यवस्य yávasya	यवयोः yávayoḥ	यवानाम् yávānām
Locative	यवे yáve	यवयोः yávayoḥ	यवेषु yáveṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Derived terms

यव-द्वीप (yava-dvīpa, “Java”, literally “island of barley”)

Descendants

Terms inherited from यव (yáva)

Dardic:
- Dameli: (žō)
- Gawar-Bati: (žō)
- Grangali: (zō)
- Indus Kohistani: (yåw)
- Kalami: (yō)
- Kalasha: ژو (žō)
- Khowar: (žō)
- Kohistani Shina: (yō)
- Northeast Pashayi: (yō)
- Northwest Pashayi: (žā)
- Phalura: (yū)
- Savi: (yū)
- Shina: यो (yō)
- Shumashti: (zo)
- Southeast Pashayi: (yā)
- Tirahi: (zau)
- Torwali: (yōu)
- Wotapuri-Katarqalai: (zō)
Pali: yava
Prakrit: 𑀚𑀯 (java)
- Helu Prakrit:
  - Sinhalese: යව (yawa)
- Khasa Prakrit:
  - Garhwali: जो (jo)
  - Kumaoni: जौ (jau)
  - Nepali: जौ (jau)
- Magadhi Prakrit:
  - Bengali: যব (jbo)
  - Bihari: जौ (jau)
    - Maithili: जौ (jau)
  - Odia: ଯଅ (jaa)
- Maharastri Prakrit:
  - Old Marathi: jau
    Devanagari script: जउ (jaü)
    Modi script: 𑘕𑘄 (jau)
    - Marathi: जव (jav)
- Paisaci Prakrit:
  - Takka Apabhramsa:
    - Punjabi:
      Gurmukhi script: ਜੌਂ (jaũ)
      Shahmukhi script: جوں (joṉ)
      - Lahnda: ਜੋ (jo)
- Sauraseni Prakrit:
  - Gurjar Apabhramsa:
    - Gujarati: જવ (jav)
  - Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
    - Hindustani: jau
      Hindi: जौ
      Urdu: جَو (jau)
  - Romani: džov

Further reading

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “yáva”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 603

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