तु

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Garhwali

Etymology

From Sanskrit त्वम् (tvam). Cognates include Hindi तू (tū) and Nepali तँ (tã).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈtʊ/

Pronoun

तु (tu)

thou, you (singular)

References

Anoop Chandra Chandola (1966) A Synthatic Sketch of Garhwali, University of Chicago press (PhD thesis), page 86

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

तू (tū) — metrical variant

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

Etymology

According to Mayrhofer, somehow related to Proto-Germanic *þau (“in that case”), from Proto-Indo-European *to- (“that”) + *-we (“or”) by early contraction.

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /tú/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /t̪u/

Particle

तु • (tú)

pray, I beg, do
but
- c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda 4.18.6
and
- c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti 2.22
- (Can we date this quote?), The Buddha, Dhammapada(pāḷi) (subsequently translated from Pali to Sanskrit), Appamādavaɡɡa, page 32; republished in The Eighteenth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Khuddaka-Nikāya‎, Colombo, 2009:
  8. ප්‍රමාදමප්‍රමාදෙන යදා නුදති පණ‍්ඩිතඃ
  ප්‍රඥාප්‍රසාදමාරුහ්‍ය ත්‍වශොකඃ ශොකිනීං ප්‍රජාම්
  පර්‍වතස‍්ථ ඉව භූමිෂ‍්ඨාන් ධීරො බාලානවෙක්‍ෂතෙ
  8 Pramādamapramādena yadā nudati paṇḍitaḥ
  Prajñāprasādamāruhya tvaśokaḥ śokinīṃ prajām
  Parvatastha iva bhūmiṣṭhān dhīro bālānavekṣate
  8. When the astute dispel negligence by means of diligence,
  having ascended the palace of wisdom, the sorrow-free then behold this generation of sorrow,
  as a wise man on a mountain-top beholds the fools below.
  (literally, “8. When the astute dispel negligence by means of diligence,
  having ascended the palace of wisdom, the sorrow-free then behold this generation of sorrow,
  as a wise man on a mountain-top beholds the fools on the ground.”)
  (Wiktionary translation adapted from translation of the Pali by Ajahn Sujato.)
or

Usage notes

This particle is never found at the beginning of a sentence or verse. Some usages are:

च ... न तु (ca ... na tu, “though ... still not”)
न ... अपि तु (na ... api tu, “not ... but”)
न च ... अपि तु (na ca ... api tu, “not ... but”)
कामं ... अपि तु (kāmaṃ ... api tu, “though ... still”)
कामं च ... अपि तु (kāmaṃ ca ... api tu, “though ... still”)
कामं ... न तु (kāmaṃ ... na tu, “it is true ... but not”)
भूयस् ... न तु (bhūyas ... na tu, “it is true ... but not”)
वरं ... न तु (varaṃ ... na tu, “it is true ... but not”)

Derived terms

परं तु (paraṃ tu, “though, still, not”)
किं तु (kiṃ tu, “but”)

References

Monier Williams (1899) “तु”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, , new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 449.
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “651”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag

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