अपि

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See also: अप, अपी, and अप्

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

Particle

अपि (api)

  1. Devanagari script form of api
    • c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar]‎, page 6; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:
      या च पन सक्कतगन्थेसु समञ्ञा घोसाति वाघोसाति वा ता पयोगे सति एत्थापि पयुज्जते
      Yā ca pana sakkataganthesu samaññā ghosāti vāghosāti vā tā payoge sati etthāpi payujjate.
      And moreover that designation either 'voiced' or 'unvoiced' which is in Sanskrit texts is applied even here when there is occasion.

Conjunction

अपि (api)

  1. Devanagari script form of api (“even”)

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hápi, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hápi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi. See also its usage as a prefix अपि- (api-). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἐπῐ́ (epí) and English by.

Pronunciation

Adverb

अपि • (ápi)

  1. and, also, moreover, besides, assuredly, surely
  2. suppose that, perhaps
  3. often, also, very (often merely emphasizes or expletive)
    अन्यद् अपि
    anyad api
    also another, something more
  4. placed after an interrogative to make it an indefinite
  5. imparts a sense of totality when placed after numerals
    चतुर्णाम् अपि वर्णानाम्
    caturṇām api varṇānām
    of all the four castes
  6. at the start of a sentence, create an interrogative from a declarative sentence
  7. please (may strengthen the original force of the potential mood or may soften the imperative mood)

For its usage in composition, see अपि- (api-).

Usage notes

Used commonly in the following combinations:

  • अद्यापि (adyāpi, “this very day, even now”)
  • अपि तु (api tu, “but, but yet”)
  • अपिच (apica, “as well as”)
  • अप्य् अपि (apy api, “as well as”)
  • कुत्रापि (“anywhere”)
  • को ऽपि (ko ʼpi, “anyone”)
  • तथापि (tathāpi, “even thus, notwithstanding”)
  • न नचपि (na nacapi, “neither, nor”)
  • न वापि (na vāpi, “neither, nor”)
  • नापि वा (“neither, nor”)
  • यद्यपि (yadyapi, “even if, although”)

Descendants

Descendants show loss of a- from apocopation or collision with अभि (abhi) (which is itself seen in later Sanskrit, for which see अपि- (api-)).

  • Pali: api, pi
  • Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀧𑀺 (pi)
  • Prakrit: 𑀅𑀯𑀺 (avi), 𑀯𑀺 (vi)
    • Northeastern:
    • Sauraseni Prakrit:

See also descendants of किंचिद् (kiṃcid) or यद्यपि (yadyapi).

References

  • Monier Williams (1899) “अपि”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, , new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 55/1.
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 86
  • “अपि” in Carl Cappeller, A Sanskrit–English Dictionary: Based upon the St. Petersburg Lexicons, Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, 1891, →OCLC, page 30.
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