Appendix:Glossary of musical instrument classification

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This is a glossary of musical instrument classification (organology).

See also:

Categories

aerophone
Any musical instrument which produces sound primarily by causing a body of air to vibrate, without the use of strings or membranes, and without the vibration of the instrument itself adding considerably to the sound.
angle harp
A type of harp where the neck runs at an angle over the resonator.
arched harp
A type of harp where the string carrier and resonator are physically united, with strings at right angles to the sound table, no pillar and a neck that curves away from the resonator.
barrel drum
A drum (membranophone) with a shape that bulges in the middle, forming a barrel-like appearance, usually very large and made of wood with a one-headed and open-bottomed body.
bowed instrument
Any stringed instrument (chordophone) played with a bow.
bowl lute
A lute with a body shaped like a bowl.
box zither
A zither with a trapezoidal or rectangular shaped sound box.
brass instrument
A musical instrument, most often made of brass, whose tone is produced by vibration of the lips as the player blows into a mouth piece (or tubular resonator).
chordophone
Any musical instrument that produces sound from one or more vibrating strings.
conical drum
A usually one-headed drum (membranophone) with a body that slopes on its sides, forming a conical shape.
double-conical drum
A type of barrel drum with two heads instead of one.
double-reed
An aerophone that produces sound through the air-caused vibration of two reeds.
drum
A percussive musical instrument spanned with a thin covering on at least one end for striking, forming an acoustic chamber, affecting what materials are used to make it; a membranophone.
drum kit
A collection of drums and other percussion instruments designed to be played together.
duct flute
A type of flute characterized by the presence of a mouthpiece that is constricted in order to compress the player's breath.
electrophone
Any instrument designed to create sounds using electrical currents.
end-blown flute
A type of flute characterized by the player's breath being directed onto the sharp edge of the upper end of a tube.
footed drum
A drum (membranophone) whose resonance is improved by an open bottom that is held by the player's feet.
frame drum
A drum (membranophone) whose drumhead is wider than the instrument is deep.
frame harp
A type of harp with a front pillar, forming a triangular frame.
free reed
An aerophone in which a vibrating reed in a frame produces sound.
friction drum
A drum (membranophone) that produces sound through friction.
goblet drum
A drum (membranophone) with a goblet-shaped body, usually one-headed.
hand drum
A drum (membranophone) played with the hand, as opposed to being struck with a drumstick, mallet or other object.
hand percussion
Any percussion instrument that can be held in the hand.
hourglass drum
A drum whose body has a hourglass-like shape.
idiochord
Any chordophone whose string-like material is made from the same substance (e.g. bamboo) as the resonating body.
idiophone
Any musical instrument that produces its sound by its own vibration (without any strings or membranes).
kettle drum
A drum (membranophone) with a pot- or vessel-shaped body.
  • Note: This category is distinct from the specific instrument called the kettledrum, which is one example of a "kettle drum".
  • Synonyms: vessel drum
keyboard instrument
_
  1. Any musical instrument which features a keyboard, including a piano, electronic keyboard and celesta.
  2. Any musical instrument that produces sound directly from the manipulation of a keyboard by the performer, including a piano and a celesta.
  3. Any musical instrument (a chordophone) that uses a keyboard to manipulate strings which produce sound, including a piano.
lamellophone
Any musical instrument in which sound is produced by plucking a series of thin lamellae attached to a sounding board.
lithophone
Any musical instrument in which sound is produced by percussion of a stone.
long drum
A drum (membranophone) of extreme length, often made out of entire tree trunks.
membranophone
Any musical instrument that produces sound via the vibration of a stretched membrane.
metallophone
Any musical instrument consisting of tuned metal bars that are struck to produce sound.
mouth organ
A free reed aerophone with at least one air chamber fitted with a free reed.
pellet drum
A drum (membranophone) that has two heads and produces sound through two pellets, tied to the body of the drum and manipulated so as to strike the heads.
percussion
An instrument in which the sound is produced by striking, scraping or shaking an object.
reed instrument
An aerophone in which a thin sliver of material (a reed) is vibrated by air blown by a performer.
single-reed
An aerophone that produces sound through the air-caused vibration of a reed.
slit drum
A type of idiophone, consisting of a material (usually bamboo or wood) hollowed out and possessing one or more slits on the top.
spike fiddle
Any of a number of stringed instruments in which the handle passes diametrically through the resonator and which are played with a bow.
stone xylophone
A musical instrument (a lithophone) consisting of pieces of stone as sounding bars that produce tuned sounds when struck, like a xylophone.
thumb piano
Any type of lamellophone having a small sound box fitted with a row of tuned tabs that are plucked with the thumbs.
transverse flute
Any type of flute that is held sideways when played.
tubular drum
A category of drum (membranophone) with a tubular shape, encompassing hourglass drums, long drums, footed drums, cylindrical drums, conical drums and barrel drums.
vertical flute
Any type of flute that is held vertically when played.
viol
A family of fretted stringed instruments, which are played with a bow, characterized by a flat back, sloping shoulders, c hole sound holes and the use of five to seven strings.
wind instrument
A musical instrument that produces sound when air flows through it; reed instruments and brass instruments.
woodwind instrument
A musical instrument in which sound is produced by blowing against an edge or by vibrating a thin piece of wood or metal known as the reed, and in which the pitch is governed by the resonant frequencies of an enclosed air column.
yoke lute
Any chordophone with two arms extending from a body to a crossbar (a yoke), and strings, parallel to the soundboard, connecting the body to the yoke.

Instruments referred to as types

These terms refer most specifically to a single type of instrument, or perhaps a family of related instruments, but are also used in reference to entirely unrelated instruments of the same musicological category. For example, any stringed instrument without a neck, and with strings that pass over the body, are liable to be called zithers, zither-like or part of the zither family, though the word zither more specifically refers to a precise instrument of Central European origin.

bagpipes[1]
Any aerophone that produces sound using air from a reservoir to vibrate enclosed reeds.
banjo
Any chordophone that uses a membrane-like soundboard.
castanets[2]
Any handheld percussion idiophone that can be played with the fingers.
flute[3]
A reedless aerophone that produces sound by blowing air across one or more openings, producing a vibration in the air at the opening(s).
guitar[4]
A chordophone with a flat back and a neck whose upper surface is in the same plane as the soundboard, with strings along the neck and parallel to the soundboard.
  • Note: A guitar is a member of the lute family, distinguished from other lutes by having a flat back.
harp[5]
Any chordophone consisting of a body and a curved neck, strung with strings of varying length, that are vertical to the soundboard when viewed from the end of the body.
  • Note If a harp's strings were moved from perpendicular to parallel relative to the soundboard and to attach to a common point off the soundbar, it would be a lyre-type instrument.
  • Note: Unmodified, the word harpas a category most often refers to any frame harp -- meaning a harp with a front pillar -- because that is the common harp of Western origin. Outside of the West, angle harps and arch harps are more common.
lute[6]
Any of a wide variety of chordophones with a pear-shaped body and a neck whose upper surface is in the same plane as the soundboard, with strings along the neck and parallel to the soundboard.
  • Note: If an instrument of the lute class were to gain a yoke, it would become a lyre.
  • Note: If an instrument of the lute class were to become flat-backed rather than round and pear-shaped, it would be an instrument of the guitar class.
lyre[7] [8]
Any chordophone with two arms extending from a body to a crossbar (a yoke), and strings, parallel to the soundboard, connecting the body to the yoke.
  • Synonyms: yoke lute
  • Note: If a lyre's strings -- which are parallel to the soundboard and emanate directly up from it -- were turned to perpendicular, such that they appeared vertical when looking from the end of the instrument, and attached to a common point off the soundboard, it would be an example of a harp-type instrument.
  • Note: The lyre is often said to be a type of zither. The distinguishing characteristic of lyre-type instruments is that the strings originate in a particular point on the soundboard, rather than from points spread out over much of the soundboard (as in a standard zither).
  • Note Instruments like the guitar and the violin are considered lutes, rather than lyres, due to the lack of a yoke.
mbira[9]
Any type of lamellophone having a small sound box fitted with a row of tuned tabs that are plucked with the thumbs.
pan flute
Any aerophone consisting of multiple pipes of increasing size, tuned to produce sound when blown across the opening.
tambourine
Any frame drum.
trumpet[10]
Any lip-vibrated aerophone.
violin[11]
A stringed instrument, a type of fretless lute, characterized by the use of four or five strings, a scroll (an adornment on the body of the instrument), a sound post and a bass bar.
xylophone[12]
A percussion idiophone consisting of tuned wooden bars struck with a mallet.
  • Note: A generally similar category of instrument is the lithophone stone xylophone, which is essentially a xylophone with stone bars instead of wooden ones.
  • Note: A generally similar category of instrument is the metallophone metal xylophone, which is essentially a xylophone with metal bars instead of wooden ones.
zither[13]
A chordophone without a neck, and with strings that pass over the body.
  • Note: The lyre is often said to be a type of zither. The distinguishing characteristic of lyre-type instruments is that the strings originate in a particular point on the soundboard, rather than from points spread out over much of the soundboard (as in a standard zither).
  • Note: The word psaltery is sometimes synonymous with zither in reference to instruments of this family.

Other categories

bell
A vessel (a type of percussion idiophone) that is struck to cause vibrations which are weakest nearer the vertex, creating its distinctive sound.
fue
Any of several kinds of Japanese flute.
huqin
Any of a family of vertical bowed lutes used in Chinese music.
viol
Any of a family of guitar-like chordophones originating in Spain.
violin
Any of a family of guitar-like chordophones originating in Italy.

Accessories, components, techniques and terminology

body
bow
course
drumhead
drumstick
fret
lamella
mallet
neck
pluck
reed
resonator
soundboard
string
strum

References

  1. ^ 1999. The Companion to Irish Traditional Music. Fintan Vallely. Pg. 14.
  2. ^ 2013. You Asked Aunt Rocky: Answers & Advice About Raqs Sharqi and Raqs Shaabi. C. Varga Dinicu. Pg. 242.
  3. ^ 1999. How to Love Your Flute: A Guide to Flutes and Flute Playing. Mark Shepard. Pg. 6.
  4. ^ 2000. The Acoustic Guitar Guide: Everything You Need to Know to Buy and Maintain an Acoustic Guitar. Larry Sandberg. Pg. 4.
  5. ^ 2013. The Physics of Musical Instruments. Neville H. Fletcher, Thomas Rossing. Pg. 331.
  6. ^ 2004. Musical Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments. Murray Campbell, Clive A. Greated, Arnold Myers. Pg. 285.
  7. ^ 2012. Kisir and Tanbura. Dahab Khalil and Artur Simon. Pg. 96.
  8. ^ 2007. Origins and Development of Musical Instruments. Jeremy Montagu. Pg. 128.
  9. ^ 2003. "Mbira (Thumb Piano)". Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Edited by John Shepherd. Pg. 388.
  10. ^ [2009. Tipbook Trumpet and Trombone, Flugelhorn and Cornet: The Complete Guide. Hugo Pinksterboer. Pg. 141.
  11. ^ 1999. The Cambridge Companion to the Cello. Robin Stowell. Pg. 1
  12. ^ Vienna Symphony Orchestra. "Xylophone".
  13. ^ 2010. Appalachian Dulcimer. Ralph Lee Smith. Pg. 6.