Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/-ākos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂kos, *-eh₂ḱos, from a-stem suffix *-eh₂- + adjectival suffix *-kos, *-ḱos. Cognate with Latin -ācus, -īcus, Ancient Greek -ακός (-akós), -ικός (-ikós), Proto-Germanic *-agaz, Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ, Sanskrit -कस (-kasa), -शस (-śasa).

Suffix

*-ākos

Forms adjectives from nouns and adjectives with the sense of "involved with, belonging to, having".

Inflection

O/ā-stem
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-ākos	*-ākou	*-ākoi
vocative	*-āke	*-ākou	*-ākoi
accusative	*-ākom	*-ākou	*-ākons
genitive	*-ākī	*-ākous	*-ākom
dative	*-ākūi	*-ākobom	*-ākobos
instrumental	*-ākū	*-ākobim	*-ākobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-ākā	*-ākai	*-ākās
vocative	*-ākā	*-ākai	*-ākās
accusative	*-ākam	*-ākai	*-ākans
genitive	*-ākās	*-ākous	*-ākom
dative	*-ākai	*-ākābom	*-ākābos
instrumental	*?	*-ākābim	*-ākābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-ākom	*-ākou	*-ākā
vocative	*-ākom	*-ākou	*-ākā
accusative	*-ākom	*-ākou	*-ākā
genitive	*-ākī	*-ākous	*-ākom
dative	*-ākūi	*-ākobom	*-ākobos
instrumental	*-ākū	*-ākobim	*-ākobis

Declension of the comparative
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-ākyūs	*?	*-ākyoses
vocative	*-ākyūs	*?	*-ākyoses
accusative	*-ākyosam	*?	*-ākyosans
genitive	*-ākisos	*?	*-ākisom
dative	*-ākisei	*?	*-ākisbos
instrumental	*-ākisī	*?	*-ākisbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-ākyūs	*?	*-ākyoses
vocative	*-ākyūs	*?	*-ākyoses
accusative	*-ākyosam	*?	*-ākyosans
genitive	*-ākisos	*?	*-ākisom
dative	*-ākisei	*?	*-ākisbos
instrumental	*-ākisī	*?	*-ākisbis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-ākis	*?	*?
vocative	*-ākis	*?	*?
accusative	*-ākis	*?	*?
genitive	*-ākisos	*?	*-ākisom
dative	*-ākisei	*?	*-ākisbos
instrumental	*-ākisī	*?	*-ākisbis

Derived terms

Proto-Celtic terms suffixed with *-ākos (adjective)

Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/angʷīnākos

Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/durnākos

Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/lordskākos

Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/snidākos

Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/tigernākos

Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/woltākos

Descendants

Old Irish: -ach
- Middle Irish: -ach
  - Irish: -ach
  - Manx: -agh
  - Scottish Gaelic: -ach

Etymology 2

Substantivisation of the above adjective suffix. Functionally cognate with Proto-Slavic *-akъ.

Suffix

*-ākos m

Forms nouns indicating a person involved with, belonging to or having.

Inflection

Masculine o-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-ākos	*-ākou	*-ākoi
vocative	*-āke	*-ākou	*-ākoi
accusative	*-ākom	*-ākou	*-ākons
genitive	*-ākī	*-ākous	*-ākom
dative	*-ākūi	*-ākobom	*-ākobos
locative	*-ākei	*?	*?
instrumental	*-ākū	*-ākobim	*-ākūis

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic: *-ọg
- Old Breton: -oc
  - Middle Breton: -ec
    - Breton: -ek, -eg
- Old Cornish: -oc
  - Middle Cornish: -ec
    - Cornish: -ek
- Old Welsh: -auc
  - Middle Welsh: -awc, -awg
    - Welsh: -og
- → Old Irish: -óc
  - Irish: -óg
  - Manx: -ag
  - Scottish Gaelic: -ag
Old Irish: -ach
- Middle Irish: -ach
  - Irish: -ach
  - Manx: -agh
  - Scottish Gaelic: -ach