Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gāną
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁-. Suppletive past tense is from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-, although all modern Germanic languages have eliminated this stem by further suppletion or innovation.
Pronunciation
Verb
*gāną
Inflection
Irregular; the present is similar to verbs of weak class 3-ā. The past is suppletive and is formed with a stem *ijj-.
Conjugation of *gāną (irregular, suppletive)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *gō | ? | — | — | — |
| 2nd singular | *gaisi | ? | *gai | — | — |
| 3rd singular | *gaiþi | ? | *gāþau | — | — |
| 1st dual | *gōs | ? | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *gāþiz | ? | *gāþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *gāmaz | ? | — | — | — |
| 2nd plural | *gaiþ | ? | *gaiþ | — | — |
| 3rd plural | *gānþi | ? | *gānþau | — | — |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *ijjǭ | *ijjēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *ijjēz | *ijjēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *ijjē | *ijjēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *ijjēdū | *ijjēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *ijjēdudiz | *ijjēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *ijjēdum | *ijjēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *ijjēdud | *ijjēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *ijjēdun | *ijjēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *gāndz | *gānaz | |||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *gān
- Old English: gān
- Old Frisian: gān
- Old Saxon: gān
- Old Dutch: gān
- Old High German: gān, gēn
- Middle High German: gān, gēn, kēn
- Alemannic German: gaa, gan, ge, gi, goo, gu
- Bavarian: geh, gea, gean, gian
- Cimbrian: gian, ghéenan
- Northern Bavarian:
- Central Franconian: giehn, gohn, john, jonn
- East Central German: gii, giin (Erzgebirgisch)
- Upper Saxon German:
- Vilamovian: gejn
- East Franconian:
- German: gehen
- Rhine Franconian: geh, gehe, gäh, gähe, gäj, gäje, gih, gihe, gej, geje
- Frankfurterisch:
- Pennsylvania German: geh
- Yiddish: גיין (geyn)
- Middle High German: gān, gēn, kēn
- Old Norse: gá
- Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (gaggan) (only the past tense forms, e.g. 𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰 (iddja))
- Crimean Gothic: geen (infinitive only)