Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/harmaz
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Traditionally derived Proto-Indo-European *pḱór-mo-s (“shame, grief, torment, pain”), from *pḱer- (“to have shame, distress over”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sormъ (“shame”), Persian شرم (šarm, “idem”), Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšarəma, “sense of shame”).[1] Because of PIE root constraints and the fact that the only evidence for *p- comes from Avestan, an alternative etymology reconstructs the root as *ḱer(H)-.
Pronunciation
Adjective
*harmaz[2] (West Germanic)
Inflection
Declension of *harmaz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *harmaz | *harmai | *harmō | *harmôz | *harmą, -atō | *harmō |
| Accusative | *harmanǭ | *harmanz | *harmǭ | *harmōz | *harmą, -atō | *harmō |
| Genitive | *harmas, -is | *harmaizǫ̂ | *harmaizōz | *harmaizǫ̂ | *harmas, -is | *harmaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *harmammai | *harmaimaz | *harmaizōi | *harmaimaz | *harmammai | *harmaimaz |
| Instrumental | *harmanō | *harmaimiz | *harmaizō | *harmaimiz | *harmanō | *harmaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *harmô | *harmaniz | *harmǭ | *harmōniz | *harmô | *harmōnō |
| Accusative | *harmanų | *harmanunz | *harmōnų | *harmōnunz | *harmô | *harmōnō |
| Genitive | *harminiz | *harmanǫ̂ | *harmōniz | *harmōnǫ̂ | *harminiz | *harmanǫ̂ |
| Dative | *harmini | *harmammaz | *harmōni | *harmōmaz | *harmini | *harmammaz |
| Instrumental | *harminē | *harmammiz | *harmōnē | *harmōmiz | *harminē | *harmammiz |
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *harm
Noun
*harmaz m[3]
Inflection
| masculine a-stemDeclension of *harmaz (masculine a-stem) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | *harmaz | *harmōz, *harmōs | |
| vocative | *harm | *harmōz, *harmōs | |
| accusative | *harmą | *harmanz | |
| genitive | *harmas, *harmis | *harmǫ̂ | |
| dative | *harmai | *harmamaz | |
| instrumental | *harmō | *harmamiz | |
Derived terms
Related terms
Descendants
References
- ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*harma-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 212
- ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xarmaz II”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 163
- ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xarmaz I”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 163