Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/warmaz

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 This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain. Two different etymologies have been proposed.

  1. From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰór-mo-s, from *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”) +‎ *-mos, related to Ancient Greek θερμός (thermós), Latin formus, Persian گرم (garm) and Sanskrit घर्म (gharma).[1]
  2. From Proto-Indo-European *wór-mo-s, from *wer- (“to burn”) +‎ *-mos, related to Hittite (warnuzi).[2]

The dispute is due to differing hypotheses on how Proto-Indo-European initial *gʷʰ- evolved in Germanic. Some maintain that *gʷʰ would have turned to *b, and therefore that the root *gʷʰer- would instead have given rise to *ber- (“to burn”) etc. (compare *banô < *gʷʰon-ō). A counterargument (e.g. Kroonen (2013: p. xxviii)) is that Germanic *w is in fact the usual outcome of *gʷʰ, citing uncontroversial examples such as *snaiwaz < *snóygʷʰos and *neurô < *négʷʰrō. There have also been etymologies proposing a merger of the two roots.

Pronunciation

Adjective

*warmaz[1][2]

  1. warm (having a higher temperature than usual)
    Synonym: *haitaz (“hot”)
    Antonym: *kaldaz

Inflection

Declension of *warmaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *warmaz *warmō *warmą, -atō *warmai *warmôz *warmō
accusative *warmanǭ *warmǭ *warmą, -atō *warmanz *warmōz *warmō
genitive *warmas, -is *warmaizōz *warmas, -is *warmaizǫ̂ *warmaizǫ̂ *warmaizǫ̂
dative *warmammai *warmaizōi *warmammai *warmaimaz *warmaimaz *warmaimaz
instrumental *warmanō *warmaizō *warmanō *warmaimiz *warmaimiz *warmaimiz
Weak declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *warmô *warmǭ *warmô *warmaniz *warmōniz *warmōnō
accusative *warmanų *warmōnų *warmô *warmanunz *warmōnunz *warmōnō
genitive *warminiz *warmōniz *warminiz *warmanǫ̂ *warmōnǫ̂ *warmanǫ̂
dative *warmini *warmōni *warmini *warmammaz *warmōmaz *warmammaz
instrumental *warminē *warmōnē *warminē *warmammiz *warmōmiz *warmammiz

Derived terms

Descendants

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*warma-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 575
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*warmaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 449
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