Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰleh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Thought to be a reanalyzed root from *ǵʰel- (“to shine”) +‎ *-éh₁ti (fientive verb suffix), whence also *ǵʰley- (“to shine”). Often mistakenly undifferentiated from *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”).

Root

*ǵʰleh₁-

to shine, glow
to be shining, glowing

Alternative reconstructions

*gʰleh₁-
*gʰleh₂-
*ǵʰleh₂-

Reconstruction notes

It is unclear if some terms are derived from this root or from related roots *ǵʰel- and *ǵʰley-.

Derived terms

*ǵʰléh₁-se-ti (se-present) or *ǵʰlḗh₁-s-t ~ *ǵʰléh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)
- Proto-Germanic: *glēsaną (“to shine”) (or < *ǵʰḗl-s-t ~ *ǵʰél-s-n̥t with liquid metathesis)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glastaz
    - Proto-West Germanic: *glast (“shine, brightness”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glēsijaną (“to make shiny”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glēz- (“shining” or “shine”)
    - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glēzōną (+ *-ōną)
      - Proto-West Germanic: *glāʀōn (“to shine, glare”) (see there for further descendants)
      - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glēzą
        Proto-West Germanic: *glāʀ (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰlóh₁-e-ti (o-grade intensive) or *(ǵʰe-)ǵʰlóh₁-e ~ *(ǵʰe-)ǵʰl̥h₁-ḗr ((reduplicated) stative)
- Proto-Germanic: *glōaną (“to glow”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gladaz (“shining, bright”) (< pre-Gmc. *gʰlə-tó-s (quasi-PIE *ǵʰlh̥₁-tó-s)) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glanaz (“shine; embers”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glandz (“shining, glowing”, pres.ptc.) (< pre-Gmc. *gʰl-ónt-s (quasi-PIE *ǵʰlh₁-ónt-s))
    - Proto-West Germanic: *glandī (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glōdiz (“glow; embers”) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glōdijaną (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glōraz (+ *-raz)
    - Proto-West Germanic: *glōr (“glow; embers”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰléh₁-ih₂ ~ *ǵʰl̥h₁-yéh₂-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źlēˀjāˀ
  - Lithuanian: žlėjà (“twilight, half-dark”)
- Proto-Germanic: *glējaz
  - Old Norse: glær (“clear, transparent”) (or < *glaiwiz < *ǵʰloy-w-i-s)
    - Icelandic: glær
    - Faroese: glærur

*ǵʰleh₁-mó-s
- Proto-Germanic: *glēmaz (“twilight; moon”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰl̥h₁-dʰ-ró-s
- >? Proto-Italic: *ɣlaðros (perhaps via *CRHTC > Lat. CRăTC)
  - Latin: glaber (“smooth”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰl̥h₁-nó-s
- Proto-Celtic: *glanos (“clean, clear”) (< *glānos via Dybo's law, or < *ǵʰl̥-nó-s) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰl̥h₁-wó-s
- Proto-Celtic: *glāwos (“glowing thing; coal, charcoal”)

*ǵʰloh₁-dʰ-u-s
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *glā́ˀdus (“smooth”) (unexpected depalatalization; alternatively ⇐ *gʰleh₂dʰ-) (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 430: “*ĝhlē-; *ĝhlō-; *glēi̯a”
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 74: “*ĝʰleh₁-; *ĝʰlh̥₁-no-”
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*glōan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 182: “*ǵʰleh₁-; *glēja-”
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Fraenkel, Ernst (1955, 1962–1965) “žlėjà”, in Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume II, Heidelberg-Göttingen: Carl Winter and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 1317
^ Fick, August (1890–1909) “gélâ : glâ, gele : glê glänzen.”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), 4th edition, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 432
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1995) Studies in British Celtic historical phonology (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 5), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 173
^ Boutkan, Dirk, Siebinga, Sjoerd (2005) “gland”, in Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 1), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 139-140
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒlastaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135
^ Heidermanns, Frank (1993) “glada-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica; 33) (in German), Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page *ghlə-tó- of 244-245
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*glada-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 179: “*ǵʰlh̥₁-tó-; *ǵʰléh₁-i-eh₂-”
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒlōraz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 137
^ Heidermanns, Frank (1993) “glaiwi*-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica; 33) (in German), Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, pages 245-246
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 529: “*ghlehₓdh-(ro)-”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “glaber, -bra, -brum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 263: “PIE *gʰlh₂dʰ-ro-”
^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, § 1.4.1.1. Material, page 191
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*glano-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 160
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “glodus”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 183: “*gʰleh₂dʰ-”

[IEW-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 430: “*ĝhlē-; *ĝhlō-; *glēi̯a”

[Zair-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 74: “*ĝʰleh₁-; *ĝʰlh̥₁-no-”

[EDPG_gloan-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*glōan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 182: “*ǵʰleh₁-; *glēja-”

[LEW-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Fraenkel, Ernst (1955, 1962–1965) “žlėjà”, in Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume II, Heidelberg-Göttingen: Carl Winter and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 1317

[5] Fick, August (1890–1909) “gélâ : glâ, gele : glê glänzen.”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), 4th edition, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 432

[SBCHP-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1995) Studies in British Celtic historical phonology (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 5), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 173

[7] Boutkan, Dirk, Siebinga, Sjoerd (2005) “gland”, in Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 1), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 139-140

[8] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒlastaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135

[9] Heidermanns, Frank (1993) “glada-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica; 33) (in German), Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page *ghlə-tó- of 244-245

[EDPG_glada-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*glada-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 179: “*ǵʰlh̥₁-tó-; *ǵʰléh₁-i-eh₂-”

[11] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒlōraz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 137

[12] Heidermanns, Frank (1993) “glaiwi*-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica; 33) (in German), Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, pages 245-246

[13] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 529: “*ghlehₓdh-(ro)-”

[14] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “glaber, -bra, -brum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 263: “PIE *gʰlh₂dʰ-ro-”

[15] Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, § 1.4.1.1. Material, page 191

[16] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*glano-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 160

[17] Derksen, Rick (2015) “glodus”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 183: “*gʰleh₂dʰ-”