Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kelh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*kelh₂-^[1]

1. to beat

   Synonyms: *bʰew-, *dʰen-, *kewh₂-, *kret-, *meldʰ-, *pleh₂k-, *(s)kep-

2. to break

   Synonyms: *bʰeg-, *bʰreg-, *Hrewp-, *lem-, *lewǵ-

• *kl̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *kl̥-n-h₂-énti (athematic nasal infix present)
  • Proto-Italic: *kelnō
    • ⇒ Latin: per-cellō^[2]
• *kleh₂-w-eh₂
  • Proto-Italic: *klāwā
    • Latin: clāva (“club”)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: κλᾰ́ω (kláō)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kálˀtei (see there for further descendants)

• *kelh₂-d(H)-^{[note 1]}
  • ⇒ *kl̥h₂d-é-ti
    • Proto-Celtic: *kladeti^[3] (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *koldom (“destruction”) (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ *kol(h₂)d-éye-ti (factitive)
    • Proto-Germanic: *haltijaną (“to make lame”) (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ *kol(h₂)d-o-s (adjective)
    • Proto-Germanic: *haltaz (“lame, limp”) (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒? *kól(h₂)d ~ *kl̥d-és n (root noun)^[4] (with laryngeal deletion?)
    • Proto-Germanic: *hultą (“wood, grove”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *klə́dos
      • Ancient Greek: κλᾰ́δος (kládos, “branch, shoot”) (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒? *kol(h₂)d-éh₂
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kálˀdāˀ
      • Proto-Slavic: *kolda (“log, block (of wood)”) (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ *kl̥h₂-d-eh₁-s
    • >? Proto-Italic: *klādēs (or from *kl̥h₂-dʰeh₁-s^[5])
      • Latin: clādēs (“breaking, destruction”)
• ⇒? *kel(h₂)-g(H)-
  • ⇒ *kol(h₂)g-eh₂^[6]
    • Proto-Celtic: *kolgā
      • Proto-Brythonic: *kolɣ
        • Cornish: colgh
        • Middle Welsh: coly
          • Welsh: col
      • Old Irish: colg
        • Irish: colg