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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root 1

    *bʰeg-

    1. to break
      Synonyms: *bʰreg-, *bʰrew-, *bʰrews-, *Hrewp-, *kelh₂-, *h₃lem-, *lewǵ-, *(s)kep-, *weh₂g-, *wreh₁ǵ-

    Alternative forms

    • *bʰeng-

    Derived terms

    • *bʰég-e-ti (thematic root present)
      • Proto-Celtic: *begeti (to break)
    • *bʰég-t ~ *bʰg-ént (athematic root aorist)
      • Armenian:
        • Old Armenian: եբեկ (ebek, broke)
    • *bʰ-né-g-ti ~ *bʰ-n̥-g-énti (nasal-infix present)
    • *bʰég-n̥to- ~ *bʰg-n̥to-
    • *bʰog-o-
    • *bʰog-smn̥
      • Proto-Celtic: *boxsman
        • Middle Irish: boimm (piece, fragment)
    • *bʰog-tós
    • *bʰog-yo-s
    • Unsorted formations:
      • Proto-Germanic: *bikjaną (see there for further descendants)
      • >? Proto-Germanic: *bangōną (see there for further descendants)
      • Sanskrit: भङ्ग (bhaṅgá)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaǰ-
        • Proto-Iranian: *baǰ-
          • (perhaps) Khotanese: bajsīha- (mortar)
          • Persian: سونجه (sunje), (vsönǰ-), (sönǰ-, to tear, break) (Tār dialect)

    Descendants

    Root 2

      *bʰeg-

      1. to bend, curve, arch ?
      2. to billow, swell
      3. a body of water: river ~ marsh, bog ?

      Alternative forms

      • *bʰeng-

      Reconstruction notes

      The existence of this root is highly tentative, as most of the descendants have disputed etymologies and are only loosely semantically related.

      Synonyms

      Derived terms

      • *bʰ-né-g-ti ~ *bʰ-n̥-g-énti (nasal-infixed present)
        • *bʰeng- (virtual root) (back-formed)
          • ? *bʰong-éh₂ (unless from the sense “to break” above)
            • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bangā́ˀ
              • Latvian: bañga, buôga (multitude, crowd, grove; downpour, cloud)
              • Lithuanian: bangà (billow, wave; multitude)
          • *bʰong-i-s
            • >? Proto-Germanic: *bankiz (bulge, hillock; bench) (see there for further descendants)
          • *bʰong-ō
            • >? Proto-Germanic: *bankô (bank; hill) (see there for further descendants)
          • *bʰéng-ō ~ *bʰn̥g-n-és
            • >? Proto-Germanic: *bunkô (bump, heap; bunch, crowd) (see there for further descendants)
      • *bʰog-i-s
        • >? Proto-Germanic: *bakiz (brook; beach) (see there for further descendants)
      • *bʰog-o-m
        • >? Proto-Germanic: *baką (back) (see there for further descendants)
      • *bʰóg-ō ~ *bʰg-né-s
        • >? Proto-Germanic: *bakô, *bakkô
          • >? Proto-West Germanic: *bakō (back), *bakkō (see there for further descendants)
      • Unsorted formations:
        • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bōgnás (swamp, bog, marsh) (unless from a substrate source)
          • >? Lithuanian: bognà
          • Proto-Slavic: *bagnò (see there for further descendants)

      Notes

      1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Alternatively from *bʰenǵʰ- (to swell, be thick), with devoicing in the Germanic oblique n-stems from *gn to *kk via Kluge's law, followed by degemination.

      References

      1. 1.0 1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “bheg-, bheng-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 114-115
      2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰeg-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 66-67
      3. ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*bʰeg-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 6
      4. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*bʰeg-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press
      5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bego-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 60
      6. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “bekanem”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 174-175
      7. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “bengti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 86-87
      8. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “baigti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 76
      9. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “beigti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 86
      10. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “pkante*”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 439
      11. 11.0 11.1 Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*baǰ-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 3-4
      12. 12.0 12.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bankan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 51
      13. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “banga”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 81