Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/ēr

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/ẹ̄r

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

*er, *hēr, *her

Etymology

This root, according to Yegorov (1964), is one of the oldest Turkic words and it is registered in almost all Turkic languages.

The plural form, *ēren, is compared to Mongolian (aran) by Nişanyan.

Noun

*ēr

man

Declension

Declension of *ēr
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*ēr
accusative	ērig, ērni¹⁾
genitive	*ērniŋ
dative	*ērke
locative	*ērte
ablative	*ērten
allative	*ērgerü
instrumental ²⁾	*ērin
equative ²⁾	*ērče
similative ²⁾	*ērleyü
comitative ²⁾	*ērligü

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: ар (ar)

Middle Turkic: er
Arghu:
- Khalaj: hər
Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: ار (er)
  - Azerbaijani: ər
  - Ottoman Turkish: ار (er)
    - Turkish: er
- Turkmen: är
- Salar: er
  - Azerbaijani: ərən
  - Ottoman Turkish: ارن (eren)
    - Turkish: eren
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: اَرْ (er)
  - Chagatai: اير (er)
    - Uyghur: ئەر (er)
      - Ili Turki: er
    - Uzbek: er
Kypchak:
- North Kypchak:
  - Bashkir: ир (ir)
  - Tatar: ир (ir)
- South Kipchak:
  - Kipchak-Nogai:
    - Karakalpak: er
    - Kazakh: ер (er)
    - Nogai: эр (ér)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: эр (er)
    - Southern Altai: эр (er)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: er
  - Karachay-Balkar: эр (er)
  - Karaim:
    - Cyrillic script: эр
    - Latin script: er
  - Kumyk: эр (er)
Siberian Turkic:
- Old Turkic: 𐰼 (er)
- Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽾 (ʾr /⁠er⁠/)
  - Western Yugur: erə (erï)
    - ⇒ Western Yugur: eren (eren, “husband”)
  - ⇒ Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽾 𐽰𐽱𐽽𐽶 (ʾr ʾβcy /⁠er-evči⁠/, “wife and husband”, literally “man and the house-person”)
    - Western Yugur: erehpdʐi (ereʰpǯi, “married couple”)
- North Siberian Turkic:
  - Dolgan: эр
  - Yakut: эр (er)
- South Siberian Turkic:
  - Sayan:
    - Tofa: эр
    - Tuvan: эр (er) (Kyzyl, Soyot)
  - Yenisei:
    - Khakas: ир (ir)
    - Shor: эр

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *ēren (“men”) (the irregular plural form)

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: ارن (eren), ایرن (ẹren)
  - Azerbaijani: ərən
  - Ottoman Turkish: ارن (eren)
    - Turkish: eren
Kipchak:
- Kazakh: ерен (eren)
Siberian Turkic:
- Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽾𐽰𐽺 (ʾrʾn /⁠eren⁠/)

References

^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “eren”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

Karachay-Balkar Vocabulary of Proto-Turkic Origin, Volume 7 Studia turcologica Cracoviensia, Jagiellonian University, 2000. ISSN 1425-1973.
Clauson, Gerard (1972) “er”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 192

[1] Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “eren”, in Nişanyan Sözlük