User:نعم البدل/UrduPhon

1. مَفْتُوح (maftūh) – marked/pronounced as a فَتْحَہ
2. مَکْسُور (maksūr) – marked/pronounced as a کَسْرَہ
3. مَضْمُوم (mazmūm) – marked/pronounced as a ضَمَّہ
4. مُشَدَّد (muśaddad) – geminated, marked by a تشدید
5. ساکِن (sākin) / مَوقُوف (mauqūf) – the absence of a vowel

   بَسَکُون دوم

   basakūn dom

   Second letter is 'saakin'

6. خَفِیفَہ (xafīfa) – the light pronunciation of a vowel diacritic.

1. مَعْرُوف (ma'rūf) – the letter that is 'stretched'

   واؤ مَعْرُوف (vāo ma'rūf) – the vao that is pronounced as a IPA^(key): /u/

   یائے مَعْرُوف (yāe ma'rūf) – the ye that is pronounced as a IPA^(key): /i/

2. مَجْہُول (majhūl) – the letter that is not 'stretched' – opposite of above

   واؤ مَجْہُول (vāo majhūl) – the vao that is pronounced as a IPA^(key): /o/

   یائے مَجْہُول (yāe majhūl) – the ye that is pronounced as a IPA^(key): /e/

1. فَتحَۂ مَجْہُول (fatha-yi majhūl) – IPA^(key): /ɛ/ represented by a fatha (ie. زَہْر (zahr))
2. کَسْرَۂ مَجْہُول (kasra-yi majhūl) – IPA^(key): /e/ represented by a kasra (ie. اِہْتِمام (ihtimām))
3. ضَمَّۂ مَجْہُول (zamma-yi majhūl) – IPA^(key): /o/ represented by a damma (ie. عُہْدَہ ('uhda))

1. مَخْلُوط (maxlūt) – the blending of two consonants (ie. کْیُوں (kyū̃))
2. واوِ مَعْدُولَہ (vāv-i ma'dūla) – the consonant و (o) that isn't pronounced. (ie. خْواب (xvāb) / خود (xod))

   Most commonly preceded by an aleph. However, in the few cases where aleph is not present (ie. خوش (xoś)) – a line below the vowel can drawn to indicate a واوِ مَعْدُولَہ (vāv-i ma'dūla), often done in primers. In a Unicode proposal, CLE stated the 'Waw Gher malfuz' is indicated as و۫^[1], though otherwise in primers it is said that it is indicated by a "horizontal line".^[2]

3. غَیر مَلْفُوظ (ġair malfūz) – similar to above.
4. مَلْفُوظ (malfūz) – pronounced, opposite to above.
5. مُہْمَلَہ (muhmala) – a letter with no dotes (adj. see no he for noun)
6. مُعْجَمَہ (mu'jama) – a letter with dotes (adj. see no he for noun)

غُنَائِیَّت (ġunāiyyat): Nasalisation in Urdu typically occurs in four ways:

1. غُنَّہ (ġunna) (or نُونِ غُنَّہ (nūn-i ġunna))

   nasalization that occurs after the previous letter (ie. رَن٘گ (raṅg) / ڈَھن٘گ (ḍhaṅg) / سَن٘گ (saṅg))

2. مَغْنُونَہ (maġnūna)

   nasalization that occurs blending with the preceding letter (ie. آن٘چَل (ā̃cal) / سَن٘وَرْنا (sãvarnā) / کُن٘وارا (kũvārā))

3. نُون بَطور مِیم (nūn bator mīm)

   the nasalization which is pronounced as an 'm' (ie. اَن٘بار (ambār) / سُن٘بَل (sumbal))

4. نُونِ مَخْلُوط (nūn-i maxlūt)

   the nasal (alveolar) consonant (ie. دَھنْدَہ (dhanda) / بَنْدَر (bandar))