karhu
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Karhu.
See also: Karhu
Finnish
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Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *karhu, probably derived from *karhëda; equivalent to karhea (“rough, coarse”) + -u. Originally a euphemism for *okci (whence oksi, ohto, and otso). Sense 3 is a semantic loan from Swedish björn and sense 4 from English bear.
Pronunciation
Noun
karhu
- bear (large omnivorous mammal of the family Ursidae)
- Synonyms: see Thesaurus:karhu
- brown bear, Ursus arctos
- Synonyms: maakarhu, ruskeakarhu
- (informal) debtor
- Synonym: velkoja
- (informal) taxman
- Synonyms: verottaja, veronkantaja, (informal) verokarhu
- (finance) bear (investor who sells in anticipation of falling prices)
- Antonym: härkä
Declension
| Inflection of karhu (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | karhu | karhut | |
| genitive | karhun | karhujen | |
| partitive | karhua | karhuja | |
| illative | karhuun | karhuihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | karhu | karhut | |
| accusative | nom. | karhu | karhut |
| gen. | karhun | ||
| genitive | karhun | karhujen | |
| partitive | karhua | karhuja | |
| inessive | karhussa | karhuissa | |
| elative | karhusta | karhuista | |
| illative | karhuun | karhuihin | |
| adessive | karhulla | karhuilla | |
| ablative | karhulta | karhuilta | |
| allative | karhulle | karhuille | |
| essive | karhuna | karhuina | |
| translative | karhuksi | karhuiksi | |
| abessive | karhutta | karhuitta | |
| instructive | — | karhuin | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
Derived terms
compounds
- alkukarhu
- atlaskarhu
- emokarhu
- emäkarhu
- etruskikarhu
- forsterinmerikarhu
- gobinkarhu
- harmaakarhu
- henkikarhu
- huulikarhu
- häirikkökarhu
- Iso karhu
- jääkarhu
- karhuemo
- karhujahti
- karhukirje
- karhukissa
- karhukoira
- Karhukopla
- Karhukorpi
- karhukävely
- Karhulahti
- karhulanka
- karhulori
- Karhumaa
- karhumakaki
- karhumarkkina
- karhumarkkinat
- Karhumäki
- karhunajo
- karhunhammas
- karhunjuuri
- karhunkaataja
- karhunkaato
- karhunkieli
- karhunkierros
- karhunkoppi
- karhunköynnös
- karhunlanka
- karhunlaukka
- karhunliha
- karhunmarja
- karhunmetsästys
- karhunnahka
- karhunpalvelus
- karhunpalvonta
- karhunpeijaiset
- karhunpenikka
- karhunpentu
- karhunpesä
- karhunpoika
- karhunpoikanen
- karhunputki
- karhunpyynti
- karhunpyytäjä
- karhunraudat
- karhunrauta
- karhunruoho
- karhunsammal
- karhunseitikki
- karhuntalja
- Karhunvartija
- karhunvatukka
- karhunäätä
- karhupaviaani
- karhupumppu
- karhuruno
- Karhu-ryhmä
- Karhusaari
- Karhusuo
- karhuvipu
- karhuäyriäinen
- karjalankarhukoira
- kauluskarhu
- kermodekarhu
- kierteishäntäkarhu
- kissakarhu
- kodiakinkarhu
- koirakarhu
- luolakarhu
- maakarhu
- malaijikarhu
- marjaskarhu
- merikarhu
- mustakarhu
- muurahaiskarhu
- naaraskarhu
- nallekarhu
- nenäkarhu
- pandakarhu
- pesukarhu
- Pieni karhu
- pikkukarhu
- pohjanmerikarhu
- puolikarhu
- pussikarhu
- ruskeakarhu
- sarastuskarhu
- sepelkarhu
- silmälasikarhu
- syyriankarhu
- teddykarhu
- tiekarhu
- tylppäkuonokarhu
- verokarhu
Further reading
- “karhu”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-01
Ingrian
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Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *karhu. Cognates include Finnish karhu and Estonian karu.
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈkɑru/,
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈkɑrhu/,
- Rhymes: -ɑru, -ɑrhu
- Hyphenation: kar‧hu
Noun
karhu
- bear
- 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 29:
- A täs ono karhu.
- And here is a bear.
Declension
| Declension of karhu (type 4/koivu, no gradation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | karhu | karhut |
| genitive | karhun | karhuin, karhuloin |
| partitive | karhua | karhuja, karhuloja |
| illative | karhuu | karhui, karhuloihe |
| inessive | karhuus | karhuis, karhulois |
| elative | karhust | karhuist, karhuloist |
| allative | karhulle | karhuille, karhuloille |
| adessive | karhuul | karhuil, karhuloil |
| ablative | karhult | karhuilt, karhuloilt |
| translative | karhuks | karhuiks, karhuloiks |
| essive | karhunna, karhuun | karhuinna, karhuloinna, karhuin, karhuloin |
| exessive1) | karhunt | karhuint, karhuloint |
| 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. | ||
Derived terms
References
- Fedor Tumansky (1790) “каро”, in Опытъ повѣствованїя о дѣянїях, положенїи, состоянїи и раздѣленїи Санкт-Петербургской губернїи [An experiment of an account of the acts, location, condition and division of the Saint Petersburg gubernia], Краткїй словарь ижерскаго, финскаго, эстонскаго, чюдскаго, и ямскаго нарѣчїя съ россїйскимъ переводомъ [A short dictionary of the Ingrian, Finnish, Estonian, Chud and Yamtian dialects with a Russian translation], page 679
- V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 61
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 136
- Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку, →ISBN, page 80
Karelian
| North Karelian (Viena) |
karhu |
|---|---|
| South Karelian (Tver) |
karhu |
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *karhu. Cognates include Finnish karhu and Estonian karu.
Pronunciation
Noun
karhu (genitive karhun, partitive karhuo)
Declension
| Viena Karelian declension of karhu (type 1/tyttö, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | karhu | karhut | |
| genitive | karhun | karhujen | |
| partitive | karhuo | karhuja | |
| illative | karhuh | karhuloih | |
| inessive | karhušša | karhuloissa | |
| elative | karhušta | karhuloista | |
| adessive | karhulla | karhuloilla | |
| ablative | karhulta | karhuloilta | |
| translative | karhukši | karhuloiksi | |
| essive | karhuna | karhuloina | |
| comitative | — | karhuloineh | |
| abessive | karhutta | karhuloitta | |
| Tver Karelian declension of karhu (type 1/tyttö no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | karhu | karhut | |
| genitive | karhun | karhuloin | |
| partitive | karhuo | karhuloida | |
| illative | karhuh | karhuloih | |
| inessive | karhušša | karhuloissa | |
| elative | karhušta | karhuloista | |
| adessive | karhulla | karhuloilla | |
| ablative | karhulda | karhuloilda | |
| translative | karhukši | karhuloiksi | |
| essive | karhuna | karhuloina | |
| comitative | karhunke | karhuloinke | |
| abessive | karhutta | karhuloitta | |
| Possessive forms of karhu | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | karhuni | |
| 2nd person | karhuš | |
| 3rd person | karhuh | |
| *) Possessive forms are very rare for adjectives and only used in substantivised clauses. | ||
References
- A. V. Punzhina (1994) “karhu”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN
- Pertti Virtaranta, Raija Koponen (2009) “karhu”, in Marja Torikka, editor, Karjalan kielen sanakirja, Helsinki: Kotus, →ISSN
- P. M. Zaykov et al. (2015) “медведь”, in Venäjä-Viena Šanakirja [Russian-Viena Karelian Dictionary], →ISBN