ऊर्ध्व

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Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Etymology

    From Proto-Indo-Iranian *r̥Hdʰwás (high, upright), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰ-wó-s (high, upright). Cognate with Avestan 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬡𐬀 (ərəδβa), Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós), Latin arduus, Old Norse ǫrðugr (steep).

    Pronunciation

    Adjective

    ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá) stem

    1. rising or tending upwards, raised, elevated, erected, erect, upright, high, above
      • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 1.36.13:
        ऊ॒र्ध्व ऊ॒ षु ण॑ ऊ॒तये॒ तिष्ठा॑ दे॒वो न स॑वि॒ता।
        ऊ॒र्ध्वो वाज॑स्य॒ सनि॑ता॒ यद॒ञ्जिभि॑र्वा॒घद्भि॑र्वि॒ह्वया॑महे॥
        ūrdhvá ū ṣú ṇa ūtáye tíṣṭhā devó ná savitā́.
        ūrdhvó vā́jasya sánitā yádañjíbhirvāghádbhirvihváyāmahe.
        Stand up erect to lend us aid, stand up like Savitā the God:
        Erect as strength-bestower we call aloud, with unguents and with priests, on thee.

    Usage notes

    In Classical Sanskrit occurring chiefly in compounds.

    Declension

    Masculine a-stem declension of ऊर्ध्व
    singular dual plural
    nominative ऊर्ध्वः (ūrdhváḥ) ऊर्ध्वौ (ūrdhvaú)
    ऊर्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹)
    ऊर्ध्वाः (ūrdhvā́ḥ)
    ऊर्ध्वासः¹ (ūrdhvā́saḥ¹)
    vocative ऊर्ध्व (ū́rdhva) ऊर्ध्वौ (ū́rdhvau)
    ऊर्ध्वा¹ (ū́rdhvā¹)
    ऊर्ध्वाः (ū́rdhvāḥ)
    ऊर्ध्वासः¹ (ū́rdhvāsaḥ¹)
    accusative ऊर्ध्वम् (ūrdhvám) ऊर्ध्वौ (ūrdhvaú)
    ऊर्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹)
    ऊर्ध्वान् (ūrdhvā́n)
    instrumental ऊर्ध्वेन (ūrdhvéna) ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) ऊर्ध्वैः (ūrdhvaíḥ)
    ऊर्ध्वेभिः¹ (ūrdhvébhiḥ¹)
    dative ऊर्ध्वाय (ūrdhvā́ya) ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) ऊर्ध्वेभ्यः (ūrdhvébhyaḥ)
    ablative ऊर्ध्वात् (ūrdhvā́t) ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) ऊर्ध्वेभ्यः (ūrdhvébhyaḥ)
    genitive ऊर्ध्वस्य (ūrdhvásya) ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhváyoḥ) ऊर्ध्वानाम् (ūrdhvā́nām)
    locative ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhvé) ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhváyoḥ) ऊर्ध्वेषु (ūrdhvéṣu)
    • ¹Vedic
    Feminine ā-stem declension of ऊर्ध्वा
    singular dual plural
    nominative ऊर्ध्वा (ūrdhvā́) ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhvé) ऊर्ध्वाः (ūrdhvā́ḥ)
    vocative ऊर्ध्वे (ū́rdhve) ऊर्ध्वे (ū́rdhve) ऊर्ध्वाः (ū́rdhvāḥ)
    accusative ऊर्ध्वाम् (ūrdhvā́m) ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhvé) ऊर्ध्वाः (ūrdhvā́ḥ)
    instrumental ऊर्ध्वया (ūrdhváyā)
    ऊर्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹)
    ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) ऊर्ध्वाभिः (ūrdhvā́bhiḥ)
    dative ऊर्ध्वायै (ūrdhvā́yai) ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) ऊर्ध्वाभ्यः (ūrdhvā́bhyaḥ)
    ablative ऊर्ध्वायाः (ūrdhvā́yāḥ)
    ऊर्ध्वायै² (ūrdhvā́yai²)
    ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) ऊर्ध्वाभ्यः (ūrdhvā́bhyaḥ)
    genitive ऊर्ध्वायाः (ūrdhvā́yāḥ)
    ऊर्ध्वायै² (ūrdhvā́yai²)
    ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhváyoḥ) ऊर्ध्वानाम् (ūrdhvā́nām)
    locative ऊर्ध्वायाम् (ūrdhvā́yām) ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhváyoḥ) ऊर्ध्वासु (ūrdhvā́su)
    • ¹Vedic
    • ²Brāhmaṇas
    Neuter a-stem declension of ऊर्ध्व
    singular dual plural
    nominative ऊर्ध्वम् (ūrdhvám) ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhvé) ऊर्ध्वानि (ūrdhvā́ni)
    ऊर्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹)
    vocative ऊर्ध्व (ū́rdhva) ऊर्ध्वे (ū́rdhve) ऊर्ध्वानि (ū́rdhvāni)
    ऊर्ध्वा¹ (ū́rdhvā¹)
    accusative ऊर्ध्वम् (ūrdhvám) ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhvé) ऊर्ध्वानि (ūrdhvā́ni)
    ऊर्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹)
    instrumental ऊर्ध्वेन (ūrdhvéna) ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) ऊर्ध्वैः (ūrdhvaíḥ)
    ऊर्ध्वेभिः¹ (ūrdhvébhiḥ¹)
    dative ऊर्ध्वाय (ūrdhvā́ya) ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) ऊर्ध्वेभ्यः (ūrdhvébhyaḥ)
    ablative ऊर्ध्वात् (ūrdhvā́t) ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) ऊर्ध्वेभ्यः (ūrdhvébhyaḥ)
    genitive ऊर्ध्वस्य (ūrdhvásya) ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhváyoḥ) ऊर्ध्वानाम् (ūrdhvā́nām)
    locative ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhvé) ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhváyoḥ) ऊर्ध्वेषु (ūrdhvéṣu)
    • ¹Vedic

    Descendants

    Noun

    ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá) stemn

    1. height, elevation
    2. anything placed above or higher (+ ablative)
      ऊर्ध्वं-गच्छति√gamto go upwards or into heaven, die

    Declension

    Neuter a-stem declension of ऊर्ध्व
    singular dual plural
    nominative ऊर्ध्वम् (ūrdhvám) ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhvé) ऊर्ध्वानि (ūrdhvā́ni)
    ऊर्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹)
    vocative ऊर्ध्व (ū́rdhva) ऊर्ध्वे (ū́rdhve) ऊर्ध्वानि (ū́rdhvāni)
    ऊर्ध्वा¹ (ū́rdhvā¹)
    accusative ऊर्ध्वम् (ūrdhvám) ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhvé) ऊर्ध्वानि (ūrdhvā́ni)
    ऊर्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹)
    instrumental ऊर्ध्वेन (ūrdhvéna) ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) ऊर्ध्वैः (ūrdhvaíḥ)
    ऊर्ध्वेभिः¹ (ūrdhvébhiḥ¹)
    dative ऊर्ध्वाय (ūrdhvā́ya) ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) ऊर्ध्वेभ्यः (ūrdhvébhyaḥ)
    ablative ऊर्ध्वात् (ūrdhvā́t) ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvā́bhyām) ऊर्ध्वेभ्यः (ūrdhvébhyaḥ)
    genitive ऊर्ध्वस्य (ūrdhvásya) ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhváyoḥ) ऊर्ध्वानाम् (ūrdhvā́nām)
    locative ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhvé) ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhváyoḥ) ऊर्ध्वेषु (ūrdhvéṣu)
    • ¹Vedic

    Preposition

    ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá)

    1. in the sequel, in the later part (e.g. of a book or manuscript; because in Sanskrit manuscripts the later leaves stand above), subsequent, after (with ablative)
      अत ऊर्ध्वम् (ata ūrdhvam), or इत ऊर्ध्वम् (ita ūrdhvam) ― hence forward, from that time forward, after that passage, hereafter
      ऊर्ध्वं संवत्सरात्ūrdhvaṃ saṃvatsarātafter a year
      ऊर्ध्वं देहात्ūrdhvaṃ dehātafter life, after death
    2. after, after the death of (+ ablative)
      ऊर्ध्वं पितुःūrdhvaṃ pituḥafter the father's death
    3. in a high tone, aloud

    Descendants

    Further reading