पूर्व
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पूर्व दिशा
Hindi
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit पूर्व (pūrva).
Pronunciation
Noun
पूर्व • (pūrv) m (Urdu spelling پورو)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | पूर्व pūrv |
पूर्व pūrv |
| oblique | पूर्व pūrv |
पूर्वों pūrvõ |
| vocative | पूर्व pūrv |
पूर्वो pūrvo |
Coordinate terms
| पश्चिमोत्तर (paścimottar) | उत्तर (uttar) | पूर्वोत्तर (pūrvottar) |
| पश्चिम (paścim) | 
|
पूर्व (pūrv) |
| दक्षिण-पश्चिम (dakṣiṇ-paścim) | दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ) | दक्षिण-पूर्व (dakṣiṇ-pūrv) |
Adjective
पूर्व • (pūrv) (indeclinable)
Adverb
पूर्व • (pūrv)
Derived terms
- दक्षिण-पूर्व (dakṣiṇ-pūrv)
- पूर्व- (pūrv-)
- -पूर्वक (-pūrvak)
- पूर्वज (pūrvaj)
- पूर्वता (pūrvatā)
- पूर्वी (pūrvī)
- पूर्वीय (pūrvīya)
- पूर्वोत्तर (pūrvottar)
References
- McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “पूर्व”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
Marathi
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit पूर्व (pūrva).
Pronunciation
Adjective
पूर्व • (pūrva)
Noun
पूर्व • (pūrva) f
See also
compass points: दिशा (diśā):
| वायव्य (vāyavya) | उत्तर (uttar) | ईशान्य (īśānya) |
| पश्चिम (paścim) |
|
पूर्व (pūrva) |
| नैऋत्य (nairutya) | दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ) | आग्नेय (āgney) |
Nepali
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit पूर्व (pūrva).
Pronunciation
Noun
पूर्व • (pūrva)
Adverb
पूर्व • (pūrva)
Coordinate terms
| पश्चिमोत्तर (paścimottar) | उत्तर (uttar) | उत्तर-पूर्व (uttar-pūrva) |
| पश्चिम (paścim) |
|
पूर्व (pūrva) |
| दक्षिण-पश्चिम (dakṣiṇ-paścim) | दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ) | दक्षिण-पूर्व (dakṣiṇ-pūrva) |
Further reading
- “पूर्व”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) , Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
- Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993) “पूर्ब”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- পূৰ্ব (Assamese script)
- ᬧᬹᬃᬯ (Balinese script)
- পূর্ব (Bengali script)
- 𑰢𑰳𑰨𑰿𑰪 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀧𑀽𑀭𑁆𑀯 (Brahmi script)
- ပူရွ (Burmese script)
- પૂર્વ (Gujarati script)
- ਪੂਰ੍ਵ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌪𑍂𑌰𑍍𑌵 (Grantha script)
- ꦥꦹꦂꦮ (Javanese script)
- 𑂣𑂴𑂩𑂹𑂫 (Kaithi script)
- ಪೂರ್ವ (Kannada script)
- បូវ៌ (Khmer script)
- ປູຣ຺ວ (Lao script)
- പൂര്വ (Malayalam script)
- ᢒᡠᡠᡵᠣᠸᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘢𑘴𑘨𑘿𑘪 (Modi script)
- ᢒᠤᠤᠷᢦ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧂𑧕𑧈𑧠𑧊 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰 (Newa script)
- ପୂର୍ଵ (Odia script)
- ꢦꢹꢬ꣄ꢮ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆥𑆷𑆫𑇀𑆮 (Sharada script)
- 𑖢𑖳𑖨𑖿𑖪 (Siddham script)
- පූර්ව (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩰𑩒𑩛𑩼 𑪙𑩾 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚞𑚱𑚤𑚶𑚦 (Takri script)
- பூர்வ (Tamil script)
- పూర్వ (Telugu script)
- ปูรฺว (Thai script)
- པཱུ་རྭ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒣𑒴𑒩𑓂𑒫 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨞𑨃𑨊𑨫𑩇𑨭 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *pr̥Hwás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥Hwás, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂-wó-s, from *preh₂- (“before, in front of”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀 (pauruua), Russian пе́рвый (pérvyj), English first and foremost.
Pronunciation
Preposition
पूर्व • (pū́rva)
Adjective
पूर्व • (pū́rva) stem
- ancient, old
- c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 7.18.20:
- न त॑ इन्द्र सुम॒तयो॒ न रायः॑ सं॒चक्षे॒ पूर्वा॑ उ॒षसो॒ न नूत्नाः॑ ।
देव॑कं चिन्मान्यमा॒नं ज॑घ॒न्थाव॒ त्मना॑ बृह॒तः शम्ब॑रं भेत् ॥- ná ta indra sumatáyo ná rā́yaḥ saṃcákṣe pū́rvā uṣáso ná nū́tnāḥ.
dévakaṃ cinmānyamānáṃ jaghanthā́va tmánā bṛhatáḥ śámbaraṃ bhet. - Your favours, Indra, and your bounties, whether old or new, cannot be counted like the (recurring) dawn;
you have slain Devaka, the son of Mānyamāna, and of thine own will, has cast down Śambara from the vast (mountain).
- ná ta indra sumatáyo ná rā́yaḥ saṃcákṣe pū́rvā uṣáso ná nū́tnāḥ.
- न त॑ इन्द्र सुम॒तयो॒ न रायः॑ सं॒चक्षे॒ पूर्वा॑ उ॒षसो॒ न नूत्नाः॑ ।
- eastern
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | पूर्वः (pū́rvaḥ) | पूर्वौ (pū́rvau) पूर्वा¹ (pū́rvā¹) |
पूर्वाः (pū́rvāḥ) पूर्वासः¹ (pū́rvāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | पूर्वम् (pū́rvam) | पूर्वौ (pū́rvau) पूर्वा¹ (pū́rvā¹) |
पूर्वान् (pū́rvān) |
| instrumental | पूर्वेण (pū́rveṇa) | पूर्वाभ्याम् (pū́rvābhyām) | पूर्वैः (pū́rvaiḥ) पूर्वेभिः¹ (pū́rvebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | पूर्वाय (pū́rvāya) | पूर्वाभ्याम् (pū́rvābhyām) | पूर्वेभ्यः (pū́rvebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | पूर्वात् (pū́rvāt) | पूर्वाभ्याम् (pū́rvābhyām) | पूर्वेभ्यः (pū́rvebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | पूर्वस्य (pū́rvasya) | पूर्वयोः (pū́rvayoḥ) | पूर्वाणाम् (pū́rvāṇām) |
| locative | पूर्वे (pū́rve) | पूर्वयोः (pū́rvayoḥ) | पूर्वेषु (pū́rveṣu) |
| vocative | पूर्व (pū́rva) | पूर्वौ (pū́rvau) पूर्वा¹ (pū́rvā¹) |
पूर्वाः (pū́rvāḥ) पूर्वासः¹ (pū́rvāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | पूर्वा (pū́rvā) | पूर्वे (pū́rve) | पूर्वाः (pū́rvāḥ) |
| accusative | पूर्वाम् (pū́rvām) | पूर्वे (pū́rve) | पूर्वाः (pū́rvāḥ) |
| instrumental | पूर्वया (pū́rvayā) पूर्वा¹ (pū́rvā¹) |
पूर्वाभ्याम् (pū́rvābhyām) | पूर्वाभिः (pū́rvābhiḥ) |
| dative | पूर्वायै (pū́rvāyai) | पूर्वाभ्याम् (pū́rvābhyām) | पूर्वाभ्यः (pū́rvābhyaḥ) |
| ablative | पूर्वायाः (pū́rvāyāḥ) पूर्वायै² (pū́rvāyai²) |
पूर्वाभ्याम् (pū́rvābhyām) | पूर्वाभ्यः (pū́rvābhyaḥ) |
| genitive | पूर्वायाः (pū́rvāyāḥ) पूर्वायै² (pū́rvāyai²) |
पूर्वयोः (pū́rvayoḥ) | पूर्वाणाम् (pū́rvāṇām) |
| locative | पूर्वायाम् (pū́rvāyām) | पूर्वयोः (pū́rvayoḥ) | पूर्वासु (pū́rvāsu) |
| vocative | पूर्वे (pū́rve) | पूर्वे (pū́rve) | पूर्वाः (pū́rvāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | पूर्वम् (pū́rvam) | पूर्वे (pū́rve) | पूर्वाणि (pū́rvāṇi) पूर्वा¹ (pū́rvā¹) |
| accusative | पूर्वम् (pū́rvam) | पूर्वे (pū́rve) | पूर्वाणि (pū́rvāṇi) पूर्वा¹ (pū́rvā¹) |
| instrumental | पूर्वेण (pū́rveṇa) | पूर्वाभ्याम् (pū́rvābhyām) | पूर्वैः (pū́rvaiḥ) पूर्वेभिः¹ (pū́rvebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | पूर्वाय (pū́rvāya) | पूर्वाभ्याम् (pū́rvābhyām) | पूर्वेभ्यः (pū́rvebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | पूर्वात् (pū́rvāt) | पूर्वाभ्याम् (pū́rvābhyām) | पूर्वेभ्यः (pū́rvebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | पूर्वस्य (pū́rvasya) | पूर्वयोः (pū́rvayoḥ) | पूर्वाणाम् (pū́rvāṇām) |
| locative | पूर्वे (pū́rve) | पूर्वयोः (pū́rvayoḥ) | पूर्वेषु (pū́rveṣu) |
| vocative | पूर्व (pū́rva) | पूर्वे (pū́rve) | पूर्वाणि (pū́rvāṇi) पूर्वा¹ (pū́rvā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Coordinate terms
| पश्चिमोत्तर (paścimottara) | उत्तर (uttara) | ईशान (īśāna) |
| पश्चिम (paścima) |
|
पूर्व (pūrva) |
| दक्षिणपश्चिम (dakṣiṇapaścima) | दक्षिण (dakṣiṇa) | दक्षिणपूर्व (dakṣiṇapūrva) |
Borrowed terms
- → Gujarati: પૂર્વ (pūrva)
- → Hindi: पूर्व (pūrv)
- → Bengali: পূর্ব (purbo)
- → Javanese: ꦥꦸꦂꦧ (purba)
- → Kannada: ಪೂರ್ವ (pūrva)
- → Khmer: បូព៌ា (boupiə)
- → Malay: purba
- Indonesian: purba
- → Marathi: पूर्व (pūrva)
- → Nepali: पूर्व (pūrva)
- → Old Javanese: pūrwa
- → Odia: ପୂର୍ବ (purba)
- → Santali: ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ
- → Tamil: பூர்வ (pūrva)
- → Telugu: పూర్వము (pūrvamu)
- → Thai: บูรพา (buu-rá-paa)
Descendants
- Dardic:
- Kashmiri: پوٗر (pūr, “east”)
- Northeast Pashayi: (puruvāla, “first”)
- Northwest Pashayi: (puruvāla, “first”)
- Southeast Pashayi: (puruvāla, “first”)
- Southwest Pashayi: (puruvāla, “first”)
- Helu Prakrit:
- Sinhalese: පුව (puwa)
- Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀯𑁆𑀯 (puvva), 𑀧𑀼𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀸 (puvvā, “east”)
- Pali: pubba (in compounds)
- → Burmese: ပုဗ္ဗ (pubba.)
- Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀯𑁆𑀯 (puvva), 𑀧𑀼𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀸 (puvvā, “east”)
- Old Hindi: पुब (puba, “former”)
References
- Monier Williams (1899) “पूर्व”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, , new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 643/1.
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 157