Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swa

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

*swō
*swō(t)

Etymology

Uncertain. Often derived from Proto-Indo-European *swé. Alternatively, Dunkel reconstructs PIE *swa (“thus; like”).

Compare Epic Greek ὥς (hṓs, “as, like”), Old Latin suad (“thus”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /swɑ/

Adverb

*swa

so, thus, in this manner

Derived terms

*swalīkaz

Related terms

*swē

Descendants

In most descendants, this word merged with *swē.

Proto-West Germanic: *swā
- Old English: swā
  - Middle English: swa, sa, swo, so
    - English: so
    - Scots: swa, sa, swae, sae
- Old Frisian: sā
  - Saterland Frisian: so
  - West Frisian: sa
- Old Saxon: sō
  - Middle Low German: swê, swî, swô
    - Low German: so, soo, sou, sau
- Old Dutch: sō
  - Middle Dutch: sô
    - Dutch: zo
    - Limburgish: zoe, zoea
- Old High German: sō
  - Middle High German: sō
    - Central Franconian: su, so
      - Luxembourgish: sou
    - German: so
Old Norse: svá
- Icelandic: svo
- Faroese: svá, so
- Middle Norwegian: svá, svo, so
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: so; (dialectal) sø, sé, sér
- Jamtish: su
- Elfdalian: so
- Old Swedish: svā, svo
  - Swedish: så
- Old Danish: swā, swo, so
  - Danish: så
    - Norwegian Bokmål: så
      - → Norwegian Nynorsk: så
- Gutnish: så
- Scanian: sá
Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰 (swa)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986) A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the 3rd ed. of Feist’s dictionary, Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 331-2
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 397-8
^ Friedrich Kluge (2011) “so”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (in German), 25th edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 855
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “zo1”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎ (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “swē”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 496-7
^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 763
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὥς 3”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1683
^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 65

[Lehmann-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986) A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the 3rd ed. of Feist’s dictionary, Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 331-2

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 397-8

[3] Friedrich Kluge (2011) “so”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (in German), 25th edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 855

[EWN-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “zo1”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎ (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

[5] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “swē”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 496-7

[6] Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 763

[7] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὥς 3”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1683

[8] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 65