Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰoydʰéh₂

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 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

*bʰeydʰ(h₁)- (“to pledge, (en)trust”) +‎ *-éh₂

Noun

*bʰoydʰéh₂ f[1]

  1. pledge, oath, swear
    Synonym: *Hóytos
  2. contract

Inflection

Thematic in *-eh₂
singular
nominative *bʰoydʰéh₂
genitive *bʰoydʰéh₂s
singular dual plural
nominative *bʰoydʰéh₂ *bʰoydʰéh₂h₁(e) *bʰoydʰéh₂es
vocative *bʰoydʰéh₂ *bʰoydʰéh₂h₁(e) *bʰoydʰéh₂es
accusative *bʰoydʰā́m *bʰoydʰéh₂h₁(e) *bʰoydʰéh₂m̥s
genitive *bʰoydʰéh₂s *? *bʰoydʰéh₂oHom
ablative *bʰoydʰéh₂s *? *bʰoydʰéh₂mos, *bʰoydʰéh₂bʰos
dative *bʰoydʰéh₂ey *? *bʰoydʰéh₂mos, *bʰoydʰéh₂bʰos
locative *bʰoydʰéh₂, *bʰoydʰéh₂i *? *bʰoydʰéh₂su
instrumental *bʰoydʰéh₂h₁ *? *bʰoydʰéh₂mis, *bʰoydʰéh₂bʰis

Descendants

  • Proto-Albanian: *baidā[2]
  • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *báidāˀ
    • >? Proto-Slavic: *běda (“misery, adversity; hunger, lack, need”)[4][note 1] (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *baidō[1]
    • Proto-West Germanic: *baidu
      • Old English: bād (“pledge; expectation; contractual property”)
  • Proto-Italic: *foiðā ?[note 2]

Notes

  1. ^ If derived independently from the root sense “to force” (the identification of which with this root is somewhat disputed), though not supported by Baltic cognates. Alternatively from *bʰedʰ(h₂)- (“to (op)press; to suffer”), along with Latvian bads, Lithuanian bãdas (“lack, hunger”) and Latvian bēda, Lithuanian bėdà (“misfortune, guilt”).
  2. ^ Indirect evidence only: Latin foedus (“pledge, contract”) (< *bʰéydʰ-es-) may have been contaminated with an o-grade noun such as thematic *bʰoydʰ-o/eh₂-; cf. de Vaan (2008), who assumes specifically an o-stem.[5]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*bʰei̯dʰ-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 12
  2. ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Matzinger, Joachim (2013) Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie (Albanische Forschungen; 33) (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 236
  3. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “be”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 20
  4. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*bě̄dà”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 38–39: “PIE *bʰoidʰ-eh₂”
  5. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 218–219
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