Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁eǵʰs

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Extension of *h₁eǵʰ (“out”) with the adverbial suffix *-s.

Adverb

*h₁eǵʰs

out

Alternative reconstructions

*éǵʰs
*éḱ(s)

Reconstruction notes

Celtic and Greek point to PIE *h₁eḱs. Balto-Slavic *iś and *iź (either could be word-sandhi variant of the other) forms have unexplained initial *i-. However, due to aspirates in the old compounds such as ἔσχατος (éskhatos) and ἐχθός (ekhthós), a pre-form *h₁eǵʰs is needed. Dunkel reconstructs without *h₁ because he allows vowel-initial words.

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *h₁eǵʰs

*h₁éǵʰs-tos
- Proto-Albanian: *e(k)šta
  - Albanian: jashtë
- Proto-Celtic: *extos (“except, but”)
  - Old Irish: acht (“but, provided that”), act
    - Irish: ach
    - Manx: agh
    - Scottish Gaelic: ach
- Proto-Hellenic: *ekʰthós, *ekʰ(h)tós
  - Ancient Greek: ἐχθός (ekhthós), ἐκτός (ektós) (see there for further descendants)
*h₁éǵʰs-teros
- Proto-Celtic: *exteros (“outside (of), without”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *eksteros
  - Latin: exterus, exter (see there for further descendants)
*h₁éǵʰs-tm̥mos
- Proto-Albanian:
  - Albanian: jashtëm
- Proto-Celtic: *extamos
  - Proto-Brythonic: *extaβ̃
    - Welsh: eithaf (“extreme, farthest; extremity, end”)
- >? Proto-Hellenic: *ékʰstətos (with regular superlative suffix from *-tm̥-tos)
  - Ancient Greek: ἔσχατος (éskhatos, “outermost, farthest, most remote, last”) (with metathesis and simplification of the cluster) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *ekstemos
  - Latin: extimus (“outermost, farthest”)

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *its
- Albanian: ith (“back, backward”), ish- (“former”) (< ek's)
Proto-Albanian: *eś-
- Albanian: sh-
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *iź, *iś
- Latvian: iz
- Lithuanian: iš
- Old Prussian: is
- Proto-Slavic: *jьz (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *exs, *exs- (see there for further descendants)
>? Proto-Germanic: *eh
Proto-Hellenic: *eks, *eks-
- Ancient Greek: ἐξ (ex), ἐξ- (ex-) > ἐκ (ek), ἐκ- (ek-)
  - Greek: εξ (ex), εξ- (ex-), εκ (ek), εκ- (ek-)
- Mycenaean Greek: *eks-
  - ⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀒𐀰𐀺𐀒 (e-ko-so-wo-ko, “outside workers”)
Proto-Italic: *eɣ, *eks (see there for further descendants)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ex”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 195-196
^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 205
^ Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 262
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 433
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “jashtë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 158
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*extos”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 120
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*extero-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 120
^ “Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009)”

[1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ex”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 195-196

[2] Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 205

[3] Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 262

[4] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 433

[5] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “jashtë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 158

[6] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*extos”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 120

[7] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*extero-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 120

[8] “Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009)”