Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sem-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*sem-

1. together, one

• *sḗm (“one”)
• *sm̥- (“one”)
• *sēm-i (“half”)
• *sem-ǵʰo-
  • Proto-Albanian: *semdza
    • Albanian: gjithë
  • Proto-Italic: *senɣeloi
    • Latin: singulī
• *som-^[1][2]
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sam- (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sam- (see there for further descendants)
• *ḱóm-som-^?
  • >? Proto-Hellenic: *ksun (possibly)
    • Mycenaean Greek: 𐀓𐀱 (ku-su)
    • Ancient Greek: σύν (sún), ξύν (xún) — Homeric, Old Attic, σούν (soún) — Boeotian (see there for further descendants)
• *som-H-ós (“same”)
• *sem-h₁ (“couple”, dual)
  • *sm̥-h₁-o- (“a couple", a few”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *sumaz (“some, certain”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ἁμός (hamós), ἁμῆ (hamê), ἅμα (háma), ἅμ’ (hám’) — apocopic, ἁμᾶ (hamâ) — Laconian, Doric
      • Greek: άμα (áma)
• *sem-h₂-lo-
  • Proto-Celtic: *samal (“like, as”)
    • Old Irish: samail, amal
    • Proto-Brythonic: *aṽal
      • Welsh: fel
      • Cornish: avel
      • Breton: evel
  • Proto-Germanic: *simlê (“ever, always”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ὁμαλός (homalós, “even, level”)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: similis (see there for further descendants)
    • Latin: simul (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Latin: insimul (see there for further descendants)
• *sm̥- (compounding stem)
• *sm̥-kŕ̥t (“one time”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sakŕ̥t (see there for further descendants)
• *sm̥-ló-m (or with *h₂el- (“ale”)?)
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *sumlą > *sumblą (“gathering”) (see there for further descendants)
• *sm̥mo-
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: ամէն (amēn), ամեն (amen)
      • Armenian: ամեն (amen), ամենա- (amena-)
• *sḿ̥-teros (“one of the two”)^[3]
  • Proto-Celtic: *santeros (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *hə́teros
    • Ancient Greek: ἕτερος (héteros)

      Aeolic Greek: ἄτερος (áteros)

      Doric Greek: ἅτερος (háteros), ὥτερος (hṓteros)

• *sem-kʷih₁- (with *kʷyeh₁-)
  • Proto-Armenian: *hangi-
    • Old Armenian: հանգչիմ (hangčʻim, “to rest”), հանգնում (hangnum)
      • Armenian: հանգչել (hangčʻel), հանգուցյալ (hangucʻyal)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sam-čyaH-
    • Proto-Iranian: *ham-čyaH-
      • Alanic:
        • Ossetian: ӕнцад (æncad, “quiet, tranquil”)
      • Khwarezmian: (hncy-, “to rest, repose”)
      • Proto-Sogdic:
        • Sogdian: (ʾncʾy, “to stay, remain”)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Germanic: *samanai (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *sōmiz, *sōmijaną (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *sin-
    • Proto-West Germanic: *sin-
      • Old English: sin-, sine-
      • Old Saxon: sin-
      • Old High German: sin-
    • Old Norse: sí-
      • Faroese: sí-
    • ⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (sinteins, “daily, every day”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sadʰá, *s(u)mád
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sadʰá, *s(u)mád
      • Sanskrit: सध (sadhá), सह (sahá, “together, with”)
        • Romani: -ça
        • Pali: saha
          • → Khmer: សហ (saʼhaʼ)
        • → Marathi: सह (sah)
      • Sanskrit: सुमत् (sumát), स्मत् (smát, “with”)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: simītū

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), Bern, München: Francke Verlag

• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Draw (water)”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 169
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Put in order”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 472
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Once”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 410
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Alone”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 12
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “One”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 399
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Half”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 253
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Seasons”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 504
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Some”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 532
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Same”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 499
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “With”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 646