Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/terh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*terh₁-^[1]

1. to rub, turn
2. to drill, pierce

• *ter-kʷ-
• *tr-ey-
  • *tr-i-to-
    • Proto-Italic: *tritos
      • Latin: trītus (for expected tritus perhaps after trīvī)
  • *tr-ey-ḱo-
    • Proto-Italic: *trīkos
      • Latin: trīcae
  • *tr-ey-dʰlom
    • Proto-Italic: *treiðlom
      • Latin: trībulum, trībulō
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: triō
      • ⇒ Latin: septentriō (see there for further descendants)

• *ter-g-
  • Proto-Italic: *tergēō
    • Latin: tergō, tergeō

• *tr-ey-gʷ-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: τρῑ́βω (trī́bō)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: τρίβος (tríbos)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: τριβή (tribḗ)

• *tr-eh₂-g-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: τρώγω (trṓgō), τράγω (trágō), τράγος (trágos)

• *tr-ew(H)-
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: trūnė́ti
    • Proto-Slavic: *tryti
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: τέρυ (téru), τρύω (trúō), ἄτρυτος (átrutos), τρῦμα (trûma), τρύ̄μη (trú̄mē), τρῡτάνη (trūtánē), τιτρώσκω (titrṓskō), τρώω (trṓō), τρῶσις (trôsis), τρῶμα (trôma)/τραῦμα (traûma)

• *tr-ew-gʰ-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: τρύχω (trúkhō)

• *tr-ewH?-p-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: τρῡπάω (trūpáō), τρύ̄πανον (trú̄panon), τρύ̄πη (trú̄pē)

• *terh₁- (root present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *térˀtei
    • Proto-Slavic: *terti (see there for further descendants)
  • Italic:
    • Latin: terō (see there for further descendants)
• *tér-ye-ti (ye-present)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *téřřō
    • Ancient Greek: τείρω (teírō)
• *tor-ó-
  • Proto-Hellenic: *torós
    • Ancient Greek: τορός (torós)
• *tór-o-
  • Proto-Hellenic: *tóros
    • Ancient Greek: τόρος (tóros), τορεύς (toreús)
• *tór-mo-s
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *þarmaz (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *tórmos
    • Ancient Greek: τόρμος (tórmos)
• *tór-no-s
  • Proto-Hellenic: *tórnos
    • Ancient Greek: τόρνος (tórnos)
• *tr̥h₁-tó-s
  • Proto-Celtic: *trātos^[2]
    • Proto-Brythonic: *trọd
      • Middle Breton: treut (“thin”)
        • Breton: treut
      • Middle Welsh: trawd (“weak”)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *trētós
    • Ancient Greek: τρητός (trētós)
• *térh₁-tro-m
  • Proto-Celtic: *taratrom (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *téretron
    • Ancient Greek: τέρετρον (téretron)
• *térh₁-dʰro-m
  • Proto-Italic: *tereðrom
    • Latin: terebrum, terebra
• *terh₁-t-s
  • Proto-Italic: *terets
    • Latin: teres

From *treh₁-

• *treh₁- (metathesized root present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *þrēaną (see there for further descendants)
• *treh₁-sḱe-ti
  • Proto-Germanic: *þreskaną (see there for further descendants)
• *tréh₁-mn̥
  • Proto-Hellenic: *trḗmə
    • Ancient Greek: τρῆμα (trêma)
      • → English: trema, -treme
      • → French: tréma
      • Greek: τρήμα (tríma)
• *tréh₁-ti-s
  • Proto-Hellenic: *trḗtis
    • Ancient Greek: τρῆσις (trêsis)
• *tréh₁-tu-s ~ *tr̥h₁-téw-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *þrēduz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: արածեմ (aracem), արաւտ (arawt) (possibly)
  • Old Armenian: թուր (tʻur)
  • Old Armenian: թրթուր (tʻrtʻur)
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: τετραίνω (tetraínō)
• Indo-Iranian:
  • Proto-Iranian: *tarH- (“to rub, wipe (?)”)^[3]
    • Sogdian: (prtr- /⁠pr-tr-⁠/, “to dry up, wipe off”), ܕܣܦܪܛܪ (ds-pr-tr, “handtowel”)
• Italic:
  • Latin: trūcta
    • → Albanian: troftë
    • Asturian: trucha
    • Catalan: truita
    • → English: trout
    • Franc-Comtois: trète
    • French: truite
    • Friulian: trute
    • Italian: trota
    • Occitan: troita, trocha
    • Old Galician-Portuguese:
      • Galician: troita
      • Portuguese: truta
    • Romansch: truta
    • Sicilian: trota, trotta
    • Spanish: trucha
    • Venetan: truta

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ter-, terə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1071–1073
• Pokorny, Julius (1959) “terd-, tred-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1076