Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/əpat

This Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

**Proto-Malayo-Polynesian cardinal numbers**
< 3	4	5 >
Cardinal : *əpat

Etymology

From earlier *həpat, from Proto-Austronesian *Səpat.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /əpat/

Numeral

*əpat

four

Descendants

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *əpat
- Central Maluku
  - East Central Maluku
    - Seram
      - Masiwang: fāt
      - Nunusaku
        Piru Bay
        East Piru Bay
        Seram Straits
        Ambon: *əpat
- Central Malayo-Polynesian:
  - Sumba-Flores
    - Bima: upa
    - Ende-Manggarai
      - Central Flores
        Ende-Li'o
        Palu'e: pa
        
        Rembong: pat
      - Manggarainese
        Komodo: paʔ
        
        Manggarai: pat
    - Flores-Lembata
      - Kedang-Lamaholot
        Lamaholot: pat
    - Sumba
      - Savu
        Sabu: epa
      - Sumba Island
        Sumbanese
        Kambera: patu
  - Timor-Babar
    - Nuclear Timor
      - West Timor
        Roti
        Bilba: ha
    - Southwest Maluku – Kisar
      - Southwest Maluku
        Leti: wo-ata
- Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *pat
  - Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih: *fat
    - South Halmahera
      - Buli
        Buli (Indonesia): fat
  - Proto-Oceanic: *pat
    - Admiralty Islands
      - Western Admiralty Islands
        Wuvulu-Aua: fa
    - Central-Eastern Oceanic
      - East Fijian
        Fijian: va
      - Proto-Polynesian: *fa
        Nuclear Polynesian
        Ellicean – Eastern Polynesian
        Anuta: pa
        
        Ellicean
        Kapingamarangi: haa
        
        Tuvalu – Eastern Polynesian
        Eastern Polynesian – Northern Outlier
        Eastern Polynesian
        Marquesic
        Hawaiian: hā
        
        South Marquesan: fa
        
        Rapa Nui: ha
        
        Tahitic
        Maori-Moriori
        Maori: whā
        
        Rarotongan: ā
        
        Rennellese: haa
        
        Samoan-Tokelauan
        Samoan: fā
        
        Tongic
        Tongan: fā
    - Micronesian
      - Gilbertese: a
      - Nuclear Micronesian
        Kosraean: ah-ŋ
        
        Trukic
        Ponapeic
        Pohnpeian: pah
        
        Ulithian-Woleaian
        Woleaian: faa
    - Western Oceanic
      - Meso-Melanesian
        Core Meso-Melanesian
        Saint Matthias
        Mussau-Emira: ata
      - North New Guinea
        Ngero-Vitiaz
        Huon Gulf
        Numbami: wata / ata
      - Papuan Tip
        Nuclear Papuan Tip
        North Papuan Mainland – D'Entrecasteaux
        Dobu-Duau
        Dobu: ata
- Kowiai: fat
- Selaru
  - Selaru: at
- Yamdena: fate / fat
Western Malayo-Polynesian: *əpat
- Barito
  - East Barito
    - Malagasy: éfatra
  - West Barito
    - Northwest Barito
      - Siang: opat
- North Bornean
  - North Sarawakan: *əpat
    - Berawan-Kelabitic
      - Kelabitic
        Kelabit: epat
    - Kayan-Murik
      - Kenyah
        Bakung: pat
      - Modang-Kayan
        Kayan
        Kayan
        Rejang Kayan: pat
    - Melanau-Bintulu
      - Bintulu: pat
      - Melanau
        Central Melanau: pat
- Proto-Philippine: *əpat
  - Greater Central Philippine
    - Central Philippine
      - Tagalog: apat
      - Visayan
        Cebuan
        Cebuano: upát
        
        Central Visayan
        Peripheral Visayan
        Hiligaynon: apat
        
        Western Visayan
        Aklanon: ap-at
    - Gorontalo-Mongondow
      - Gorontalic
        Gorontalo: opato
      - Mongondowic
        Mongondow: opat
    - Mindanao
      - Danao
        Maranao: pat
    - Palawanic
      - Kalamian
        Calamian Tagbanwa: epat
      - Palawan
        Palawan Batak: epat
  - Minahasan
    - North Minahasan
      - Tontemboan: epat
  - Northern Philippine
    - Northern Luzon
      - Ilocano: uppat
      - Northern Cordilleran
        Cagayan Valley
        Isnag: appát
        
        Ibanag-Gaddang
        Ibanagic
        Itawit: appát
        
        Casiguran Dumagat Agta: epát
      - South-Central Cordilleran
        Central Cordilleran
        Nuclear Cordilleran
        Bontoc-Kankanay
        Central Bontoc: epát
        
        Ifugao
        Tuwali Ifugao: opát
  - Sangiric: *əpat
    - Sangir: epaʔ
  - Southern Mindanao
    - Tboli: fat
    - Tiruray: efot
  - Southern Mindoro
    - Hanunoo: úpat
- Sama-Bajaw
  - Bajaw
    - West Coast Bajau: empat
- Celebic
  - Southeast Celebic
    - Kaili-Pamona
      - Northern Kaili-Pamona
        Pamona
        Pamona: opo
      - Southern Kaili-Pamona
        Uma: opoʔ
    - Muna-Buton
      - Muna-Buton Nuklear
        Munan
        Munic
        Western Munic
        Muna: paa
      - Wotu-Wolio
        Wolio-Kamaru
        Wolio: apa
- Old Javanese: pat
  - Javanese: papat / pat
- Proto-Lampungic: *paʔ
- Malayo-Sumbawan
  - Madurese: empak
  - Malayo-Chamic
    - Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa
      - Balinese: empat / patpat
      - Sasak-Sumbawa
        Sasak: empat
    - Proto-Malayic: *əmpat
      - Banjarese: ampat
      - Brunei Malay: ampat
      - Iban: empat
      - Malay: empat
        Indonesian: empat
      - Minangkabau: ampek
      - Urak Lawoi': ปัจ (pac)
  - Sundanese: opat
- Northwest Sumatran
  - Batak
    - Northern Batak
      - Karo Batak: empat
    - Southern Batak
      - Toba Batak: opat
  - Northern Barrier
    - Nias-Sikule
      - Nias: õfa
    - Simeulue: at
- South Sulawesi
  - Bugis
    - Tamanic
      - Embaloh: ampat
  - Makassar
    - Makasar: appaʔ
  - Northern South Sulawesi
    - Mandar: appeʔ

External links

Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – *əpat