The suffix is one of several similar suffixes, namely *-ba, *-da, which formed derivative nouns from verbal or nominal roots. When attached to nouns or adjectives, it got compounded to the primal suffix of the stem, extending it into *-ьdza for i-stem roots or -oga for o-stem roots.
Ultimately, the suffix descends from Proto-Indo-European *-gʰo-, *-gʰeh₂. Encountered in Lithuanian stógas (“build”)[1] = Lithuanian stóti (“to stand”) + -gas and analogous with Proto-Germanic *-gô (e.g. *frauþaz (“jumper”) → *fruþgô (“frog”)).
*-ga f
singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | *-ga | *-dzě | *-gy |
genitive | *-gy | *-gu | *-gъ |
dative | *-dzě | *-gama | *-gamъ |
accusative | *-gǫ | *-dzě | *-gy |
instrumental | *-gojǫ, *-gǫ** | *-gama | *-gami |
locative | *-dzě | *-gu | *-gasъ, *-gaxъ* |
vocative | *-go | *-dzě | *-gy |
*-gъ
singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | *-gъ | *-ga | *-go |
genitive | *-ga | *-gy | *-ga |
dative | *-gu | *-dzě | *-gu |
accusative | *-gъ | *-gǫ | *-go |
instrumental | *-gomь | *-gojǫ | *-gomь |
locative | *-dzě | *-dzě | *-dzě |
vocative | *-že | *-go | *-go |
dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
nominative | *-ga | *-dzě | *-dzě |
genitive | *-gu | *-gu | *-gu |
dative | *-goma | *-gama | *-goma |
accusative | *-ga | *-dzě | *-dzě |
instrumental | *-goma | *-gama | *-goma |
locative | *-gu | *-gu | *-gu |
vocative | *-ga | *-dzě | *-dzě |
plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
nominative | *-dzi | *-gy | *-ga |
genitive | *-gъ | *-gъ | *-gъ |
dative | *-gomъ | *-gamъ | *-gomъ |
accusative | *-gy | *-gy | *-ga |
instrumental | *-gy | *-gami | *-gy |
locative | *-dzěxъ | *-gaxъ | *-dzěxъ |
vocative | *-dzi | *-gy | *-ga |
singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | *-gъjь | *-gaja | *-goje |
genitive | *-gajego | *-gyję̇ | *-gajego |
dative | *-gujemu | *-dzěji | *-gujemu |
accusative | *-gъjь | *-gǫjǫ | *-goje |
instrumental | *-gyjimь | *-gǫjǫ | *-gyjimь |
locative | *-dzějemь | *-dzěji | *-dzějemь |
vocative | *-gъjь | *-gaja | *-goje |
dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
nominative | *-gaja | *-dzěji | *-dzěji |
genitive | *-guju | *-guju | *-guju |
dative | *-gyjima | *-gyjima | *-gyjima |
accusative | *-gaja | *-dzěji | *-dzěji |
instrumental | *-gyjima | *-gyjima | *-gyjima |
locative | *-guju | *-guju | *-guju |
vocative | *-gaja | *-dzěji | *-dzěji |
plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
nominative | *-dziji | *-gyję̇ | *-gaja |
genitive | *-gъjixъ | *-gъjixъ | *-gъjixъ |
dative | *-gyjimъ | *-gyjimъ | *-gyjimъ |
accusative | *-gyję̇ | *-gyję̇ | *-gaja |
instrumental | *-gyjimi | *-gyjimi | *-gyjimi |
locative | *-gyjixъ | *-gyjixъ | *-gyjixъ |
vocative | *-dziji | *-gyję̇ | *-gaja |